Zihinsel ağırlıklı işler için bilişsel görev analizi yöntemi
Başlık çevirisi mevcut değil.
- Tez No: 75059
- Danışmanlar: PROF. DR. AHMET F. ÖZOK
- Tez Türü: Doktora
- Konular: Endüstri ve Endüstri Mühendisliği, Industrial and Industrial Engineering
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1998
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Endüstri Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 184
Özet
ÖZET Bu tez çalışmasının amacı zihinsel ağırlıklı işlerin yapıldığı insan-makina sistemlerinde, çalışanın performansını en iyileyebilmek amacıyla, görev gereklerini geliştirilen genel amaçlı bir“Bilişsel Görev Analizi”yöntemi ile belirlemek ve göreve ait zihinsel işyükünü bir profil olarak elde etmektir. Çalışma kapsamında görev analizi, bilişsel görev analizi, zihinsel çalışma ve zihinsel modeller, bilişsel eşleşme ve zihinsel işyükü konularında literatür araştırması sonuçlan ve mevcut çalışmalarda kullanılan yöntemler hakkında bilgi verilmektedir. Bu araştırma ve incelemeler sonucunda bir Bilişsel Görev Analizi yöntemi geliştirilmektedir. Yöntem, zihinsel ağırlıklı herhangi bir işi bir bütün olarak ve tüm detaylarıyla inceleyebilecek, hiyerarşik yapıda ve 316 görev niteliğine sahip bir ergonomik kontrol listesinden oluşmaktadır. Ergonomik kontrol listesi ile zihinsel işyükünü ölçmede en yaygın olarak kullanılan sübjektif ölçüm yöntemi birlikte kullanılmakta ve zihinsel işyükü çok boyutlu ve 5 noktalı skalalar ile sübjektif olarak ölçülmektedir. Kullanılan skalalar yardımıyla görev nitelikleri karmaşıklık, zorluk ve sıklık kriterleri açısından değerlendirilmektedir. Yöntemde; çevresel faktörlerin ideal olduğu, çalışılan iş istasyonunun Antropometrik tasarım açısından ideal koşullarda olduğu ve çalışanların iş organizasyonu ve ücretle ilgili endişe ve problemlerinin olmadığı varsayılmaktadır. Yöntemin işlerliği zihinsel ağırlıklı iki örnek iş ile gösterilmekte ve zihinsel işyükünü belirleyen görev profilleri elde edilmektedir. Bu profillere göre bu görevleri yerine getirecek çalışanlarda hangi zihinsel özelliklerin aranması gerektiği de belirtilmektedir. Yöntemin geliştirilmesi ile ilgili olarak; ideal olarak kabul edilen varsayımların ilave edilmesi, insan üzerinde zihinsel özelliklerin ölçülmesi, görev gerekleri ile insanın zihinsel özelliklerinin bir matematik model yardımıyla eşleştirilmesi ve bir uzman sisteme dönüştürülmesi konularında çeşitli öneriler sunulmaktadır.
Özet (Çeviri)
COGNITIVE TASK ANALYSIS METHOD FOR MENTAL JOBS SUMMARY Recently, the utilisation of computer in every environment indicates the shift of the job features from physical to the mental level and from self-handling to the control of the job. Due to this transition, the previously used methods and techniques in the analysis of the physical (muscular) task and in the evaluation of the performance of people handling this sort of tasks result to be inadequate. The psychological and cognitive features like perceptual rate and accurateness, attention, memory, intelligence shall also be evaluated as well as the task features directed towards monitoring and control and the physical features of the human responding to them. Hence in this sort of work, the influence of the cognitive factors shall be taken into consideration in each step, from definition of the task requirements to be used in the determination of the human performance to the matching process of the operators. For this reason, the mental job should be analysed through comprehensive analysis and evaluation. Due to the above stated reasons, the focus of this study is mental jobs. The major aim of the research is to determine the requirements of the tasks through a general purpose“Cognitive Task Analysis”to optimise the performance of the operator in the man- machine systems where mental job is performed, and to obtain a profile through the determination of the mental work load. This study, premised on the above stated motives and aims, consists of 7 chapters. The first chapter is the introductory part withholding information on the phases and details of the conducted study. The second chapter argues about the“ The Task Analysis in the Man-Machine Systems”. It covers the definition of the task analysis, furnishes information on the application areas and presents examples on various task analysis techniques. It provides information regarding the aim, scope and limitations of techniques and applications developed for physical and mental task. It is well accepted by each pragmatist that the current task analysis techniques shall be developed or new techniques shall be applied for newly emerged requirements to meet the new demands of the man-machine systems resulting from the technological changes and developments. When the newly conducted researches on cognitive task analysis is considered, it is obvious that the scope of the XIwork is so restricted and the analysis are only held on specific issues like selection response time and the perception rate. Task analysis cover the range of techniques used by ergonomists, designers, operators and assessors to describe and in some cases evaluate, the man-machine and man-man interactions in systems. Task analysis can be defined as the study of what an operator (or team of operators) is required to do, in terms of actions and/or cognitive processes, to achieve a system goal. Task analysis methods can also document the information and control facilities used to carry out the task. The task analysis can be used for different areas such as safety, productivity, availability, allocation of functions, person specification, staffing and job organisation, task and interface design, skills and knowledge acquisition, performance assurance (KIRWAN and AINSWORTH, 1992). Task analysis is used when designing a system, evaluating a system, or if a particular man-machine system performance problem has been targetted to be analysed and resolved. The third part of the study consists of the“ Mental Work and Mental Models”. This chapter begins with the definition of the human-machine systems and the explanation of the task participation in these systems and perpetuates with information on mental work. In the current man-machine systems where mental work is performed, the informational input is perceived, processed and decided by the human, and with respect to this decision, the system is interfered. Thus, the cognitive features of the human gains much more importance; and the information theory, information processing and measurement plays an important role in the analysis and determination of the system. In the course of the retrieving of the information -the input-, adaptation, perception, memory and attention take the foreground and have impact on the decision process. Consequent after presenting data on information theory and details on this issue, recognition of necessity for modelling of the mental activities of the employee and his/her comprehension and perception of the system and the studies conducted afterwards, the advancement and developments are put forward. Subsequently, various definitions on the mental model are given and types of that model, components and the importance and advantage of employing the model in various applications is specified. User's mental models of the systems are frequently asserted to be important in their interactions with those systems. Although there are few explicit definitions of mental models in literature, mental model are assumed to be important and researchers have seemed to accept and understand the concept intuitively. In recent years, much empirical research has focused on the manner in which users' mental models of simple and complex systems influence their interactions with those systems. Individuals' mental model of XIIsystems have been found to facilitate learning, retention of procedures, and also the invention of procedures for operating systems. A variety of descriptions of mental models can be found in the Cognitive Science and Human Factors literatures. For example NORMAN (1983) characterised users' mental models as the image or depiction of a system that evolves through individuals' interactions with systems as they learn to use them. YOUNG (1983) described mental models as a representation or metaphor that users adopt to guide their actions and to help the interpret and understand their interactions with a device. Other researchers have focused on the development and use of mental models that assist the operator in controlling or supervising complex system functions (HANISCH at al., 1991). The mental models stand for the basis of some approaches developed for the analysis of the man-machine systems where mental work is performed. The fourth chapter mentions the“Cognitive Coupling”between the human and the machine. The notion of cognitive coupling in a joint cognitive system is developed based upon the theoretical foundation of Cognitive Systems Engineering. The cognitive systems engineering approach argues that the psychology of cognition must be applied to the design of traditional man-machine systems because the nature of the human's task has shifted from its traditional emphasis on perceptual-motor skills to a focus on cognitive activities involved in problem-solving and decision-making. Cognitive coupling is the relationship between the cognitive characteristics of the user and the corresponding cognitive characteristics of the system. Research suggests that important cognitive characteristics of the user are goals, problem solving strategies, knowledge and cognitive style. Cognitive style is an important characteristic of the user that has been known to influence managerial decision-making. Cognitive style represents the characteristic models of functioning and natural predispositions shown by individuals in their perceptual and thinking behaviour in the decision-making process (DALAL and CASPER, 1994). The human being is a natural cognitive system and in cognitive coupling approach, the human (user) and the machine (computer) are realised as separate cognitive systems and the performance of human-machine systems depend on the cognitive coupling in between this two cognitive systems. The more adequate and powerful the coupling processing, the more successful is the system performance. Inadequate or wrong coupling, the human behaviour deviates from the normal success situation to lead the system out of control or task requirements make the human behaviour gains an intolerable character. Both situations divert the system from success situation and human errors emerge. In order to prevent the human errors and provide a powerful coupling, the cognitive demands of the system should be accurately determined and human shall have the capacity to meet these cognitive demands. xiThe fifth part of the research focuses on the“Mental Workload”concept. Information on concepts constituting and affecting the workload in the man-machine design, their definition and design principles are presented in the framework of ISO Standards. The importance of mental workload and the methods rendered for reducing the workload are indicated. The approaches consented by measurement methods which can be classified into four groups as primary or behavioural, secondary, psycho-physiological and subjective, and various methods developed on basis of these approaches are introduced and the measurement techniques, advantages and limitations for each method are specified. The primary or behavioural task measurements' being specific to the task and the difficulties in the comparison of dissimilar workloads constitute the major problem about this measurement techniques. These techniques reflect the ability of the operator to perform tasks in the simulated or operational environment. Although primary tasks measures should be employed to detect breakdowns in operator performance which can be attributed to high workload, such measures are not always considered sensitive to variations in load under low-to-moderate workload conditions. In the secondary task measurement, simultaneous two tasks are under consideration and the situation in which a second task is supplemented to the primary task is examined. In the psycho-physiological measurements, single-source information processing model is accepted and mental workload is determined through measuring the various response from the central nervous system. The measures typically used in psycho-physiological measurements include heart rate, eye blinks, respiration, brain waves and analysis of body fluids. Their measurement usually does not intrude the operator's primary task and they provide continuous information from the operator. Psycho-physiological methods have been used to address workload issues in laboratory, simulator and real-world environments (WILSON and EGGEMEIER, 1994). Subjective measurement models are the most wide spread measurement models. In this sort of measurement methods, the measuring of the workload is attempted by means of one dimensional or multidimensional scales. This method characterises the subjective mental workload associated with the system or task under evaluation. The instrumentation requirements associated with gathering estimates of workload and the possibility of disruption of ongoing operator performance are usually rninimised with the use of such measures. A number of subjective assessment techniques developed within the past fifteen years should be considered by the practitioner for application. Some of these measurement techniques intending to determine the workload subjectively accept the multi-source model of Wickens and some rely on the single source information xivprocessing model. The mental workload is measured under various subtitles through single or multidimensional scale. In the multidimensional subjective work measurement methods, it is advocated that the mental workload is multidimensional and the available information shall only be accessed by the individuals, and furthermore, there exist various factors that constitute the mental workload and each of these factors shall be measured separately. It is considered that the loads of each of these sub-factors equal to the sum of the loads. The fifth chapter provides information about the various systems developed for determination of the mental workload. The sixth chapter of the study presents the“Cognitive Task Analysis”method progressed in view of the subjects and information furnished in the other chapters. The developed method constitutes of an ergonomic checklists bearing the quality of an hierarchical structure to analyse any task completely and thoroughly. The checklists also makes use of multidimensional and 5 points scaling method in order to expose workload of the task subjectively and the task profile is obtained. In this method, it is assumed that the environmental factors are ideal, the work station has an idealistic quality regarding the anthropometric design and the employees have no anxiety and problems pertaining to the job organisation and wages. It is also suggested that there is no additional mental workload due to the environmental, anthropometric factors and work station design. The developed ergonomic checklists constitutes of the below stated sections and evaluation criteria: EVALUATION CRITERIA FOR CHECKLISTS SECTIONS. Types of Task Communication Verbal, Written Meditation ( Profound thinking) Frequency, Complexity, Difficulty Motor Processes Ballistics, Continuous, Repetitive Cognitive Processing Coordinated, Sensitive, Static, Rude Frequency, Complexity, Difficulty. Stimulus Auditory Stimulus Kinaesthetic Stimulus Visual Stimulus Alphanumeric Visual Stimulus Complexity, Frequency Complexity, Frequency Complexity, Dimension, Forming Rate of Stimulus XVGraphical Visual Stimulus Complexity, Dimension, Forming Rate of Stimulus. Machines. Display Devices Auditory Displays Visual Displays Dimension, Monitoring Conditions, Optical Design Control Devices Interruption Number, Dimension Subsequent after evaluating the responses to the questions in the checklists and the scores, the task profile is acquired and the mental workload pertaining to the task shall be evaluated subjectively. The utilised method's being structured not specifically for the task, having the quality to evaluate all of the tasks and applying the ergonomics checklists and multidimensional scaling to cognitive task analysis presents important advantages compared to the other available techniques. In order to show the executability of the developed ergonomic checklists is applied in two selected mental jobs. The application results are also presented in the sixth chapter. The outcome and recommendations with respect to the study are provided in the seventh chapter of the study. Some further interpretations and recommendations on enhancements for future method are also presented in this chapter. These recommendations can be listed as below: The method can be enlarged by adding the factors which are assumed that ideal. The mental features of human can be measured by using the Psychological Tests. The task requirements which are determined by the developed cognitive task analysis method and human's measured mental features can be matched by using a Mul ti Criteria Decision Model. An Expert System that works as a decision support system can be structured according to developed cognitive task analysis method and the recommendations. xvi
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