Bürolar için aydınlatma armatürü seçiminde tasarımcı yaklaşımları
Başlık çevirisi mevcut değil.
- Tez No: 75182
- Danışmanlar: PROF. DR. NİGAN BAYAZIT
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Endüstri ve Endüstri Mühendisliği, Industrial and Industrial Engineering
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1998
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Endüstri Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 238
Özet
Günümüz, insanlarının çalıştıkları mekanlarda geçirdikleri vakit gittikçe artmaktadır. Bu nedenledir ki kişilerin bulundukları ortamlarda yaptıkları işlerin niteliklerine göre, uygun fiziksel şartların sağlanması gerekmektedir. Bürolarda bu uygun fiziksel ortam koşullarının en önemlilerinden biri görsel konfordur. Gelişen teknoloji ve değişen şartlar içinde büro mekanlarında da yerleşim düzenlerinde, organizasyonlarda ve çalışma düzenlerinde büyük değişimler olmuş, gelenekselleşmiş büro işlemlerine bilgisayar, telefon gibi farklı haberleşme sistemlerini de içeren yeni araçlar eklenmiştir. Bürodaki aydınlatmanın günün gereksinmelerine cevap verebilecek nitelikleri taşıması gerekir. Bu araştırmada büro için aydınlatma armatürü seçiminde tasarımcı yaklaşımları ele alınmıştır. Büro aydınlatmasının ve bunun için kullanılan aydınlatma armatürlerinin özelliklerinden bahsedilecektir. Birinci bölümde konunun kapsamı ve sınırları anlatılmış, araştırmanın metodu hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. İkinci bölümde büro kavramı, üçüncü bölümde ise aydınlatma kavramı üzerinde durulmuştur. Dördüncü bölümde büro aydınlatma sistemleri, beşinci bölümde aydınlatma armatürleri ele alınmıştır. Altıncı bölümde büro mekanlarında aydınlatma, yedinci bölümde aydınlatma armatürlerinin büro mekanıyla ilişkisi, sekizinci bölümde aydınlatma armatürlerinin yapısı, armatürü oluşturan parçalar ve kullanılan malzemeler anlatılmıştır. Dokuzuncu bölümde büro aydınlatması konusunda çalışmaları olan tasarımcılardan, literatürden ve firmalardan elde edilen bilgiler ışığında büro için aydınlatma armatürü seçimindeki yaklaşımlar ele alınmıştır. Bu bölümde armatür seçiminde etkili olan faktörler, müşteri talepleri, armatür seçiminde görülen sorunlar gibi bazı konulara yer verilmiştir. Bulgular tablolarla ifade edilmiştir. Ek B'de araştırma için tasarımcılara uygulanan anket sunulmuştur. Ek A' da literatürden ve firmalardan elde edilen büro aydınlatması uygulamalrına yer verilmiştir. Büro aydınlatmasının çalışanların ihtiyaçlarını istenen şekilde karşılayabilmesi ve enerji korunumunu sağlaması için aydınlatma tasarımında, armatürlerin yerleşiminde, esneklik olmalıdır.
Özet (Çeviri)
Today business has been more Important then before in our lives. People spend most of their time in working areas. For that reason working areas have to be comfortable. On average, we now spend 90 % of our time indoors. The absence of sunlight and poor artificial light can trigger depression and ilness in the long term. Most office workwers have cause for complaint about light as a stress factor. Light is as essential as bread and water. 80 % of the daily flow of information is a visual experience, and that figure is increasing. Light is the essence of life. It is necessary to supply workers' needs in the offices. Physical conditions of the offices have to be good enough to meet the need of the people. One of the important physical factors in offices is visual comfort. Office lihting have to be analysed via interior architecture of offices. However, lighting must also be economic. As a result of technological development, offices and office requirements have changed. Activities made in offices have changed, too. The work in the traditional office have changed and new telecomunication systems like computers and telephone have been added to traditional office works. Office lighting must have some properties to meet these requirements. With today's growing expectations in terms of lighting design, demands made of the luminaries are increasing, too. The modern office is more than a place of work; it is above all a place for people, and the focus today is rightly on their needs. This is more than a passing fashion. It is a question of creating an interior with a stimulating atmosphere where people can work to the best of their abilities; it is a question of wellbeing and efficiency. And light is one of the keys. It requires good distribution of luminance in the interior taking due account of the changing character of natural light in the course of the day to ensure that feeling of wellbeing and efficiency. Flexible lighting design is a tool that permits a variety of lighting effects to be achieved. Direct lighting, for example, focuses on the work area and is highly efficient in terms of light output ratios and horizontal alluminance. Combined indirect/direct systemscreate a visual climate with good vertical illuminance and shadow- conditions. The user responds to the pleasant level of ceiling brightness and efficient illumination of the work plane. Positive and healty lighting conditions are a prerequisite for the motivating atmosphere required for concentrated working. Modem lighting architecture is a basic factor in the design of any interior. It lends sturucture to space and meaning to form, serves as a guide pathways and sequences of movements, and above all is a key element in the user's emotional response to the building. Today, light is no longer left to chance. Light must be calculable and flexible. Light is tool in the hands of the architect and a source of creative support in the definition of spatial qualities. In this research, office lighting, lighting conditions, armatures which are used in the offices will be mentioned. The physical, architectural, and phychological effects of office lighting, will be investigated in different sections of this study. Lighting armatures used in the offices will be held as industrial products. The types, structural properties and lighting qualities of theselighting armatures have been examined. Some interviews are made with people who have experience in office lighting so that the approachs to office lighting and armature selection could can be seen. The inquiry which has been performed between designers has been shown in addition B. The questions in the inquiry have been prepared by taking care of designers' preference on lighting armature, customers' demands and preference, problems about armature preference for the office. By the help of the inquiry all mentioned above have been analysed. The examples for office lighting have been explained in the addition A. Examples given from Turkey and other countries have been supplied from some firms and some books. Types of armatures, types of lighting, location of armatures in offices that are seen on photographs and diagrams, have been analysed. As a result of these studies, some criteria about lighting will be developed which can help to the future's office design. In the first section, the aim and methods of this research have been explained.In the second section, office concept has been explained. In the third section, lighting concept has been explained. In the fourth section, lighting system has been explained. In the fifth section, lighting equipment has been explained. In the sixth section, office lighting has been explained. In the seventh section the relation between lighting armature and offices has been explained. In the eighth section, structure and parts of the lighting armatures and their materials have been explained. In the nineth section, designers' approachs about lighting armatures' preferences for office lighting have been explained (by the help of some office examples and some information). In this section criterias effetive in preference of the lighting armature for offices, problems about preferences of lighting armature have been explained. Organizations in the offices, personnel working there, placement of the office furniture change time to time. For that reason office lighting has to have some qualities to response new changing office needs in time. There are still some usual office activities in the offices like manual writing and reading. On the other side there are new activities, equipments and furnitures in the offices and there will be in the future, too. The new activities in the offices need some different optic conditions. Office lighting have to be flexible to answer the changing office conditions. The lighting armatures in the offices have to be placed to secure personal needs and energy saving. During recent years it has been shown that better lighting results when the whole pattern of the visual field is studied, rather than the light on the working plan alone. The problem has been to devise methods of design which will permit the prediction of the distiribution of luminance in the visual field, and the problem has not so far been solved. It is largely for this reason that the majority of lighting installations are still designed around the illumination level on the working plane.Examples would suggest that well designed general lighting may give as great a user satisfaction as a combination of moderate general lighting plus individually controlled local lighting. Further work remains to be done before any dogmatic statements of relative merits of the two systems can be made. It is probably true, however, that both systems at their best give complete user satisfaction. It is important that misundrstanding does not arise on this question of local lighting. It is by no means necessary photographic effects to direct attention on the work often arise quite normally from the fact that people are working on white paper placed on a desk of lower reflectance, so that the general lighting itself provides the necessary distiribution of luminance in the field of view for visual comfort. During the lighting design first step knowing what customers want and having the experience to create the optimum solution. The results has been a whole series of luminaire systems that combine advanced lighting engineering with aesthetic design and are user-friendly at the same time. Ergonomics is becoming increasingly important in the lighting of office workstations with the design of rooms and work accessories gaining in significance when it comes to adapting the working enviroment to human requirements. The employees' physical well-being and comfort at the workstation is seen as an essential part of their general state of health. These considerations have resulted in new, more comprehensive requirements for sophisticated office lighting. Today lighting has to meet human physiological and psychological requirements. Apart from an adequate lighting level at the workstation, light should be well-balanced while still complementing the room design. An additional factor beside visual comfort is acceptance. Well-being and motivation of human beings are better the mare they have the possibility of influencing their lighting environment individually by adjusting it to their spesific lighting requirements. New lighting concepts should aim at energy saving, with the possibility to dim or even switch off light sources when not required. However, it is important that lamp life should not be impaired by frequent switching. The economy of a lighting system is also influenced by the luminous efficacy of the lamps used. Fluorescent lamps arelandmark in this field. Disturbing effects such as electrode flicker, light waves and flicker when starting the lamp or at the end of the lamp life are to be avoided. Not least it is the design that decides how modern luminaires are used. It is to be characteristic and should at the same time offer free play in design. A key future of modern office is the individual character of the work stations that it contains. Present day office design draws a clear distinction between modern work stations and monotonous office landscape. One of the most important functions of most important functions of office architecture at present is to integrate modern luminaries in to it. It has been observed that direct lighting has been preferred for office lighting. Respect to the office planning, placement and working organizations, direct lighting is more suitable. Direct lighting is more economic and effective than indirect lighting in the offices. Flourescent lamb has been used as the lighting armature in offices, for its lighting quality is good. Physical rules, cost, aesthetic, technical and ergonomic properties are very important according to designers deciding the lighting armature for offices. Office decoration, stuructural elements in the office and harmony are very important when deciding the lighting armatures for offices. Furthermore form and material of the armature, ergonomic properties of armature are so important on deciding the lighting armature for offices. Form of the lighting is important with respect of aesthetic and technic. Due to armatures' form, light is distributed efficiently. There is no problem in lighting armature's placement in the offices. But rarely, some problems occur in office lighting. For that reason it is necessary to know the business and personnel placement in an office when to selecting the lighting armature. xxi
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