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Madencilikte bilgisayar uygulamaları ve SURPAC 2000 yazılımı ile bir saha çalışması

Başlık çevirisi mevcut değil.

  1. Tez No: 75340
  2. Yazar: TANER ERDOĞAN
  3. Danışmanlar: YRD. DOÇ. DR. HASAN ERGİN
  4. Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
  5. Konular: Maden Mühendisliği ve Madencilik, Mining Engineering and Mining
  6. Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
  7. Yıl: 1998
  8. Dil: Türkçe
  9. Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
  10. Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
  11. Ana Bilim Dalı: Kazı Mekanizasyonu Bilim Dalı
  12. Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
  13. Sayfa Sayısı: 139

Özet

ÖZET Günümüzde gelişen bilgisayar teknolojisi ile bilgisayar destekli maden tasarım teknikleri, maden mühendisleri ve jeologlar tarafından cevher yatağından optimum üretimi sağlamak amacıyla yaygın olarak kullanılmaya başlamıştır. Bu çalışmada bilgisayarların gelişimi, madencilik yazılım programlarında kullanılan iletişim sistemleri ile programlama dillerinin özellikleri, uzman yazılımlar ve özellikleri, maden yatağının 3 boyutlu modelleme tekniği ile rezervinin bulunması, açık işletme nihai sınırının bulunmasında kullanılan algoritmalar ve madencilikte kullanılan modelleme (3 D, String ve Solid model ) kavramı açıklanmıştır. Ayrıca Surpac 2000 yazılımının özellikleri ile veri tabanı yapısı açıklanmış ve bu yazdım ile bir kömür sahası değerlendirilmiştir. Türkiye Kömür İşletmelerinden sağlanan datalar ile SURPAC'da veri tabanı oluşturulmuş ve kömür damarlarının rezervi ve dekapaj miktarı klasik poligon yöntemi, kesit yöntemi, blok modelleme ve DTM ile bulunarak kıyaslanmıştır. Ayrıca sahanın kalori, kükürt, kül, su, uçucu madde ve sabit karbon dağılım haritaları SURPAC tarafından yaratılarak amaca yönelik üretimin yapılabilmesi için gerekli datalar üretilmiştir. Bu şekilde kömürlerin gerek büyük şehirlerde kullanım olanaklarının yaratılması gerek optimum termik santral tasarımı ve işletilmesinde kullanılacak veriler elde edilecektir.

Özet (Çeviri)

SUMMARY During the past thirty years, computer application within the mining industry have experienced a very significant growth. From a few, relatively simple and limited applications in the late 1950's and early 1960's computer applications have grown in number and sophistication, and today computers are in the use every phase of mining. The main reason for this growth is economic. Costs have increased because of more difficult mining conditions, large capital requirements, and the implementation of new health, safety and environmental regulations. There are three general techniques, which are used for mining mineral deposits; open pit mining (surface mining), underground mining and combination of both. There are several methods of modelling a mineral deposit for a three - dimensional open pit application. Most of these methods are based on the block model. An accurate block model, can be obtained by applying mathematical or geostatistical techniques. Each block is identified by its location (xyz) and its estimated grade or percentage of minerals. Other items, which could be of importance in pit limit determination coded into the block model such as slopes, rock type, mineralogy, metallurgical characteristic, trace element analysis, potential by-product etc. There are three types of 3D block models; - regular fixed block model, - variable block model, - irregular block model. It is apparent from a review of literature that the most widely used model is the 3D, regular block model in which the orebody is divided into fixed-size block. One thing, Xlllwhich must be considered carefully in deciding block dimensions is shape of the open pit and orebody. In addition to this, since true block grades are unknown and estimation techniques must be used. Estimated grades are based on the available information, which limits the block size. In general, the optimal block size, in terms of realistic estimates, depends on the drilling or sampling grid; if the block size blocks which are significantly smaller than sample grid it cannot be reliable estimated. There are several modelling methods of mineral deposits such as three dimensional (3D) open pit design. The objective of optimal pit design is to determine the projected final pit limits or an orebody together while the corresponding grade and tonnage which will maximise some pre specified economic criteria whilst satisfying practical operational and technical requirements. The open pit algorithms are classified as rigorous and heuristic by Kim. The rigorous algorithms are; - graph theory - dynamic programming - linear programming - network flow The heuristic algorithms are ; - moving cone - heuristic algorithm by Lemieux - heuristic algorithm by Marina and Slama - heuristic algorithm by Phillips - heuristic algorithm by Korobov - parametric function by Mateheron and Bongarcon and Marechal The graph oriented technique, known as the Lerch - Grossmann algorithm, for finding the maximal closure of graph has been discussed in many papers. [22] It leads to the optimum solution but the problem of applying variable pit slopes remain difficult to resolve. XIVThe three - dimensional programming technique developed by Johnson leads to a solution in a shorter time the Lerch - Grossmann algorithm but the solution is not optimal. [23] The other two method listed have not found many users other than their authors. Within second category of heuristic or nearly optimising techniques, the moving cone method is certainly the most widely used. The main advantages of these methods are simplicity of the algorithm and the fact that different slopes in different directions can be considerable without changing the initial block model of the deposit. However, the technique is a simulation and is rather castle to run. In addition, under certain conditions, the method misses the optimum solution because it cannot interrogate a joint contribution by two ore blocks that are laterally some distance apart. The string data structure was described by Porter (1979) in a software application for the design of Highways in the UK, further it was describe by Dalton (1979 ) and Rivelt (1980) in for applying the modelling of stockpiles [31]. SURPAC 2000 users mostly the string modelling technique. A string is a simply an ordered sequence of three dimensional co-ordinates with an identifier. Basically, a string is a line, which is defined in 3D space. There are four different types of used strings in String modelling. These are; Open String, the Points String (spot height string), the Closed String and the Closed String with Isolations. The interaction of various 2 1/2 D string modelling a powerful method of evaluation. Two complex objects such as a stope and an orebody may be interacted to form a model of mineral reserve. This is done through the process of polygon intersection. Each slice of the ore body is overlaid by corresponding slice through the stope. The various string polygons in each model are intersected and resulting new polygons from the mineral reserve. The string numbers and other attributes are maintained through this process. XVGrid modelling is the modelling of a quantity an array of regularly spaced data points. Each point carries various attributes such as grades, thickness and densities. A typical application of grid modelling in mining is the geological block model. The DTM is a modelling method in which the surface modelled is represented as a collection of continuous, non-overlapping triangular plates. A DTM can be formed any point data and once formed can be used for display, volume computations, sectioning, contouring etc. In mining and industrial operations data are collected in order to describe the environment. This data may be derived from any number of sources, for example drill holes trench, soil and water samples and geological mapping. A database is a system that facilitates the storage and manipulation of data, and retrieval of information derived from the data. SURPAC software has developed it's own database. SURPAC database is SSI, hierarchical type database. In addition to storage of the data, the Geological Database has many application programs for retrieval and manipulation of data from the database. As such the database has a mandatory structure, so that further processing with the software's application tools function correctly and easily. This mandatory structure also helps to ensure data integrity. The mandatory table in geological database are; - Collar Table - Survey Table - Translation Table The collar and survey tables reflect the prime purpose of the Geological Database as these tables are used to store data which relates to describing of a drill hole in three dimensions. The translation table is used for storing character codes. XVIThere is a much more data we wish to store about a drill hole relating to the collar and down hole survey. These data may be stored in Optional Tables. There are three types of optional tables; - Interval Tables - Point Tables - Discrete tables Interval and point tables store data derived from drill holes. Discrete table, has no relation to Collar, Survey, Point and Interval tables. It may be used to store data from distinct locations, soil sample and water sample. The mandatory table structures are time independent. You may, however, create optional interval, point and discrete tables that could be time - dependent. The application of SURPAC 2000 may be listed as fallow; 1- Geological Application: a) Geological Database: The SURPAC 2000 Geological database allows management of point data such as the base of oxidation, interval data such as lithologjcal or assay quality data. Time dependent data such as water levels can also be managed. The database is closely integrated with the central graphics system, allowing collars to be viewed graphically, and section to be extracted quickly and visually. b) Solid Modelling: The SURPAC 2000 has the tools to automatically or manually created wire frame models from a series section. Resultant volumes of closed Solid can be quickly calculated. XVUc) Block Modelling: You can constrain a block model within wire framed geological models, surfaces (DTM), stopes, pit designs or any combination of these within graphics. Attributes for each block can be numerical or descriptive, and can be added or deleted from the model at any point. These attributes may include things as gold, coal quantity, costs, hazardous waste characteristics or specific gravity. Assignment of values to attributes can be by several techniques, Direct assignment, Nearest Neighbour, Inverse Distance to N.D. power and Krigging Ore of the key issue is that of sub-blocking, once the target and minimum block size are set, sub-blocking becomes an automatic process given the user maximum resolution together with optimum memory management and statistical validity. Also allows rapid creation volume, tonnage, grade within any model. The model can be sliced for visual display of 'internal' blocks or section extracted at specified levels to assist in an open-cut design process. d) Geostatistic You may use SURPAC 2000 to calculate a range of variograms that can then be modelled interactively on the screen. 2-Engineering and Planning Application a)Mining Tools - for Open Pit, Quarries and Underground Mines Using SURPAC 2000's pit and dump design tools you can interactively design and dump from the base up or crest down. XVlllThe SURPAC SCHEDULAR provides an interactive graphical method for scheduling an open pit or underground mine. It provides a method for designing and sequencing mining blocks based on the ore body model. Underground design is fully catered for using the design tools present in the graphics module, by these tools as grade a line, create a curved line, expand a closed segment and many more. 3- Surveying Applications a) Surveying Database The survey database is easy to create and manage with fall use being made of scrolling regions for data entry. SURPAC 2000 has chain and offset survey functions, profile survey and radiation survey for picking up large open stope areas. b) Digital Terrain Modelling Using SURPAC 2000 user can create and manipulate triangulated surfaces. These surfaces can be clipped within boundaries, intersected with each other, and contoured by elevation or attribute. c) Volume Calculation SURPAC 2000 includes several volume calculation tools. 4-Furter Applications a) Groundwater Modelling b) Tailings Deposition Modelling c) Surface Re-profiling d) Atmospheric Modelling XIXIn this study a database for Surpac 2000 is constructed using the drill core datas obtained from the Edirköy mine deposit. This database is used to create geological sections, DTM sections, block models and to calculate reserve of this coal deposit. The reserve has been calculated by using different techniques which are geological sectioning, DTM and block modelling. Since the results obtained from these three techniques are very close, It is compared to the result obtained conventional polygon techniques. This database is also used by Surpac 2000 to optimise the production of coal according to the usage purposes. To achieve this goal, classified reserve of coal seams, the distribution maps of calorific value, sulphur, ash, water content, volatile matter were created by using SURPAC 2000. XX

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