Ethnicity and social capital among theurban middle class in kuala lumpur, Malaysia
Etnisiti dan modal sosial antara kelas pertengahanbandar di kuala lumpur, Malaysia
- Tez No: 760197
- Danışmanlar: Belirtilmemiş.
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Sosyoloji, Sociology
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Ethnicity, Social Capital, Urban Malaysia, Diversity, Inter-ethnic Relations
- Yıl: 2019
- Dil: İngilizce
- Üniversite: Universiti Malaya UM
- Enstitü: Yurtdışı Enstitü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 197
Özet
Kajian ini menyiasat hubungan antara tahap modal sosial dan kepelbagaian etnik. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk memahami sebab-sebab asas modal sosial yang rendah, dan hubungannya dengan kepelbagaian etnik dengan menumpukan kepada masalah dikalangan etnik Melayu, Cina dan India di Malaysia dalam membina dan mengekalkan hubungan sosial antara satu sama lain. Modal sosial telah lama dikaji dalam pelbagai disiplin di seluruh dunia. Walau bagaimanapun, kebelakangan ini, tahap modal sosial agregat telah digunakan sebagai instrumen yang berguna untuk membandingkan beberapa konteks negara yang berbeza. Perbandingan ini memberikan pemahaman yang lebih mendalam mengapa sesetengah negara mempunyai tahap kepercayaan sosial yang tinggi, sistem rangkaian yang padat serta perpaduan sosial, sementara negara lain berusaha untuk mencari penyelesaian untuk ketegangan etnik atau konflik antara kumpulan sosial. Kajian menunjukkan bahawa kepelbagaian etnik adalah salah satu sebab utama bagi modal sosial yang rendah dalam masyarakat, lantaran ia merupakan rangsangan utama penyelidikan ini. Menurut Kajian Nilai Dunia (2014) dan Kajian Barometer Asia (2016), ketidakpercayaan di kalangan rakyat Malaysia adalah perkara normal, nilai dan norma yang dikongsi jarang berlaku, dan masyarakat tidak bersemangat untuk menjadi aktif di dalam kehidupan sivik. Kajian ini menyelidik perkara ini. Pertama, dinamika dalam membina modal sosial dan hubungan antara kaum bukan etnik, iaitu pembinaan modal sosial dikalangan kaum etnik. Kedua, jenis masalah inter-etnik di peringkat individu yang menyebabkan tahap modal sosial yang rendah di Malaysia. Ketiga, analisis dilakukan terhadap kesan pelaksanaan kerajaan dan dasar negara terhadap hubungan etnik dan modal sosial pen bangunan. Kajian ini menggunakan metodologi kualitatif, 21 wawancara mendalam telah dijalankan. Setiap kumpulan etnik diwakili oleh vi 7 peserta. Semua peserta tergolong dalam kelas pertengahan, dan terdiri daripada tiga kumpulan etnik utama iaitu Cina, India dan Melayu. Mereka adalah pekerja profesional yang tinggal di Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Faktor utama Kuala Lumpur dipilih sebagai kawasan penyelidikan adalah kerana ciri-ciri etnik dan agama yang pelbagai. Penemuan utama kajian menunjukkan bahawa. Ini menunjukkan kaum yang saiznya kecil lebih mudah untuk berinteraksi dengan kaum yang lebih besar saiznya. Hubungan antara bukan etnik adalah penting bagi mewujudkan kepercayaan dan ikatan antara bukan etnik yang lain. Kedua, walaupun hubungan antara kumpulan dapat mewujudkan perasaan positif antara bukan kaum etnik yang lain, kurang toleransi, kurang pendedahan kepada budaya lain, dan kurang pemahaman atau salah faham antara kaum bukan etnik menjejaskan kesan baik hubungan antara kumpulan dan kepercayaan sosial, dan modal sosial. Akhir sekali, terdapat diskriminasi di peringkat masyarakat, sistem politik berasaskan etnik, wacana nasionalis yang meruntuhkan kepercayaan antara kaum serta mewujudkan ancaman terhadap kaum bukan etnik. Kata kunci: Etnik, Modal Sosial, Urban Malaysia, Kepelbagaian, Perhubungan Interetnis.
Özet (Çeviri)
This study investigates the relationship between the low level of social capital and ethnic diversity in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Its aim is to understand the underlying reasons for the low level of social capital and its relation to the ethnic diversity, focusing on the problems of ethnic Malay, Chinese and Indian Malaysians in building and maintaining social connections with each other. According to the results of the World Values Survey (2014) and the Asian Barometer Survey (2016), distrust among Malaysians is common, while shared values and norms are rare, and they are not eager to actively participate in civic life. The research problem was investigated in three parts. In the first part, the dynamics of building social capital and meaningful contact between nonethnics – namely, bridging social capital of the participants – were examined. The second part investigated inter-ethnic problems at the individual level causing a low level of social capital in Malaysia. In the last part, by focusing on the societal level, the impact of government implementations and state policies on non-ethnic relationships and building social capital was analysed. For this research, qualitative methodology was preferred, and 21 in-depth interviews were conducted. Each ethnic group was represented by seven participants. All participants belonged to the middle class, from the three main ethnic groups – Chinese, Indian and Malay – and were professionals living in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The primary reason for choosing Kuala Lumpur as the research area was its multi-ethnic and multi-religious nature. In this regard, the city offers a unique sample characteristic across Malaysia. Key research findings point, firstly, to the fact that the Indian participants were the most willing to trust and make contact with other Malaysians compared with the Chinese and Malay participants, which demonstrates that if the ethnic group size is relatively smaller than out-groups, group members have more opportunity iv to interact with out-group members. Meaningful contact is also crucial in the creation of trust relationships and bonds between non-ethnics. Secondly, even though meaningful intergroup contact can create positive feelings between non-ethnics, a lack of acceptance or tolerance, less exposure to other cultures, and misunderstandings or a lack of understanding between non-ethnics undermined the beneficial impacts of intergroup contacts, social trust and social capital. Lastly, it was found at the societal level that the feeling of discrimination, ethnicity-based political system, nationalist discourse promoting fear of other races, and the high in-group solidarity of the Chinese reinforced bonding social capital and eradicated intergroup trust while promoting the perceived threat of non-ethnics towards each other.
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