Motorlu kojenerasyon sistemleri
Başlık çevirisi mevcut değil.
- Tez No: 83044
- Danışmanlar: PROF. DR. TANER DERBENTLİ
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Makine Mühendisliği, Mechanical Engineering
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1999
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Makine Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 118
Özet
ÖZET Yüksek lisans tezi olarak yapılan bu çalışmanın amacı, kojenerasyon (Birleşik Isı Güç üretimi) sistemlerinin ekonomik olurluğunun incelenmesidir. Elektrik ve ısı ihtiyacının değişimi ve yakıt fiyatlarının kojenerasyon sisteminin üzerindeki etkisinin belirlenmesidir. Türkiye'de her geçen gün daha fazla belirginleşen enerji sorunu bulunmaktadır. Bu dönemde uzun vadeli yatırımların yapılması halinde bu dar boğazı aşılması mümkün olabilecektir. Bu noktada Türkiye'nin bugün için % 40 kadanm kullanılan hidroelektrik potansiyelinden daha fazla yararlanmaya çalışılmalıdır. Bugüne kadar gerekli önemi verilmeyen nükleer enerji hidrolik kaynakların kısıtlı olduğu batı bölgelerinin ihtiyacım karşılamak üzere en kısa zamanda kullanıma sokulmalıdır. Bu yatırımlar uzun vadeli olup kısa süredeki ihtiyaçlara cevap vermesi mümkün değildir. Kısa vadede alınabilecek önlemlerin başında enerjinin akılcı bir şekilde kullanılması ve yüksek enerji tüketimi yapan tesislerin enerjilerini kendilerine ait bileşik ısı güç üretim tesislerinde üretmesi gelmektedir. Bu çalışmada bu tip tesislerde ne tür ısı makinalannın kullanılabileceğini ve bu makinalann temel özellikleri açıklanmıştır. Ayrıca bu makinalarm ürettiği atık ısının değerlendirilmesinde uygulanan değişik yöntemlerden örnekler verilmiştir. Yapılan ekonomik analiz sonunda kojenerasyon sistemlerinin çalıştırılmasının ekonomik olduğu yakıt ve elektrik fiyatları belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca motor seçiminin elektrik ihtiyacının tamamını ve tesisin elektrik ihtiyacının yarısını karşılayacak şekilde yapılması durumundaki net işletme giderlerinin değişim grafikleri çıkartılmıştır. Yakıt fiyatı, elektrik fiyatı, işletme süresi gibi parametrelerin kojenerasyon tesisinin ekonomisi üzerindeki etkileri 5. bölümde gösterilmiştir. IX
Özet (Çeviri)
SUMMARY With high growth rates of population and industry Turkiye's energy need is also increasing at a high speed. In 1993 Turkiye's energy need was 61 million tons of crude oil and it is expected to be 93 million tons by the year 2000 with an increase of %53. In 1997 Turkiye's electrical power generation capacity was 21535 MW with % 53 of generated by thermal plants. Today (1998) Türkiye uses about % 30 of its hydroelectric potential. Between 1993 and 1995 the government did not make the necessary energy investments, so today Türkiye has an energy problem. Hydroelectric plants need time for construction and capital investment for them is also high. In this thesis the economy of small scale cogeneration plants that are powered by diesel and gas engines were investigated. Basic information about the engines and different types of cogeneration systems are explained With the use of cogeneration systems the efficiency of fuel utilization can be rise up to %90. If the engine generates only electrical energy efficiency will be about %40 so with the use of cogeneration large amounts of energy can be saved. Furthermore, lesser use of fuel results in lower pollution levels. The machines that have electronic control systems need high quality electrical energy. It is not easy to feed the machines directly from the national electric grid. Cogeneration plants can supply high quality electrical energy.Today problems exist with applications of cogeneration. The basic problems are;. If electrical energy is generated with the use of nuclear or hidroelectric plants, the cost of electric generation compared to the cost of electric generation with cogeneration plants.. Natural gas is the fuel which makes cogeneration applications practical. However the distribution of natural gas is not widespread and during winter there may be natural gas shortages.. Because of the natural gas problems diesel engines can be used. After the oil crisis of 1970 diesel engine producers constructed a new diesel type that can work with all fuels up to 700 est viscosity. These kind of engines are suitable for places where there is not enough natural gas. Emission rules restrict the diesel engines using fuel oil. However these rules do not take into account high fuel energy utilization rate of these engines.. Government energy distribution companies apply low prices for purchase of energy from private producers. For example Turkish Electric Distribution Company (Tedas) pays about 0.04USD/kWh to private producer while selling at 0.0727 USD/kWh. Under these conditions most of the plant owners do not generate excess electric although their capacity is suitable for this.. Government must encourage the use of cogeneration systems. With the use of such systems energy capacity of the country increases and by the use of thermal energy fuel used in boilers is saved. When it is decided to supply the energy need with a cogeneration plant first it must determined which heat engine will be used. All heat engines have some advantages and disadvantages. Gas turbines with their high efficiency also have low application costs and long operation lives. Gas and diesel engines are preferred when there is more electrical need than heat and gas engines can adapt to different loads easily. The thermal energy generated by the system can be used in different ways. It is not usually possible to exactly match the plants electric heat ratio with that of the cogeneration system. Excess or deficient generation of electrical energy can be XIlevelized by selling or purchasing from Tedas. Extra thermal energy can be supplied by stand by boilers. The thermal energy generated by the cogeneration system can also be used in an absorption cooling system. By using cogeneration operation costs of cooling can be decreased. Jacket cooling water of a engine or outlet steam of turbine can be used as energy source. Fresh water generation is a different application which can be used in cogeneration systems It's very common in naval applications to generate fresh water from the sea water. Also some hotels which are far from the fresh water sources may use this method. The case of self generation of electricity must be evaluated on economic grounds. This question has been dealt with in the literature. Sith, Few and Twidell searched technical and operational performance of a small scale combined heat and power generation. A calculation method was given for the determination of the pay back period and annual savings.In this paper a comparison with a simple boiler system was given and main economic and environmental benefits of a small scale CHP plants were demonstrated. Derbentli investigated the basic parameters that effects the economy of combined heat and power generation. The economic analysis was based on comparison of annual savings and annual costs, high electric and heat prices and low interest on fuel prices have a good effect on the economy of the cogeneration systems. Aikins investigated the factors that determine the attractiveness of cogeneration The cost of electricity of a 3.5 MW gas turbine was determined by subtracting cogeneration operation costs from the same capacity boiler costs and dividing the difference by electric production for this plant was determined as 4.5-6.13 c/kWh. The paper concludes that with a proper sizing of cogeneration plant and a good XUelectric /thermal load match it is possible for a project to be economically viable even when the proposal demands a high rate of return on the investment. Babus,Person, Collogan investigated economics of mini combined heat and power packages for use in hotels. By the end of 1986 about 300 mini CHP plants had been installed in England.In that paper it is suggested to use cooling water for pool heating. The analysis takes an example of a pool with 10x5x1. 4m dimensions. Pool water temperature was considered to be 28°C and the plant was operated 305 days a year and 16 hours a day. The payback period is estimated to be less than 3 years for required mini CHP package installation to satisfy the power and heating demands of the hotel. All these papers consider the case of full load plant operation which is always wanted but in actual operation there will be partial loads. If this case is not investigated in the economic analysis the pay back period will be calculated less than the real value. Also these papers do not consider the operation costs only the fuel costs and capital investment is considered in the calculation. But during 15 years of operation many parts of the engine will be changed an this cost will be about %10 of the capital investment. Economy of cogeneration systems powered by diesel and gas engines were investigated. Nine different energy needs were determined; while normalized electrical need were lkW the I/E ratio takes the values of 1.4, 2.8 and 0.7 and these energy need can be 8 hour a day, 16 hour a day and 24 hour a day. The system was operated 345 days a year. The economic analysis were done for 0.5 kW and 1 kW gas engines. The parameters were fuel price, electric price and ratio of E/I. The result for different situations given in tables and illustrations were given in results chapter. XUl
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