Orta Bizans mimarisinde kornişin muhtemel yapısal katkılarının incelenmesi üzerine bir öneri
A proposal on the examinatıon of the probable structural contributions of the cornice in Middle Byzantine architecture
- Tez No: 905282
- Danışmanlar: DOÇ. DR. BİLGE AR
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Mimarlık, Architecture
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 2024
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı
- Bilim Dalı: Mimarlık Tarihi Bilim Dalı
- Sayfa Sayısı: 71
Özet
ÖZET Mimarlık tarihi boyunca korniş elemanı, mimari tasarımda hem strüktürel hem de dekoratif rol üstlenmiştir. Antik dönemden günümüz mimarisine birçok farklı alanda kullanılmıştır. Kimi zaman pencere açıklıkları etrafında rastladığımız korniş, kimi zaman katları birbirinden ayıran bir eleman olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bulunduğu yapıda hem iç hem de dış mekânda bulunabileceği gibi birçok farklı biçimde görülebilmektedir. Mimaride biçim ve işlev ilişkilerini bezemenin önünde tutan modern anlayışın baskın olduğu dönemlerde, kullanılan yapı teknolojileri dolayısıyla strüktürel işlevlerinin de ortadan kalkmasıyla birlikte eski üslupların amaçsızca kullanıldığı bir taklit olarak nitelenip eleştirilmiş ve reddedilmiş oldukları dönem haricinde kornişler yapıda üstlendikleri işlevler, kullanıldıkları dönemlerin modaları ve mimari anlayışlarına göre farklı şekillerde yorumlanmış, pek çok devrin mimari görsel kültürünün vazgeçilmez bir elemanı olarak içselleştirilmiştir. Mimaride farklı tarihi ve coğrafi bağlamlarda farklı işlevlerde ancak aynı terimle anılarak karşımıza çıkan kornişin Bizans mimarisi için diğer dönemlerdeki kullanımlarından ayrılan benzersiz strüktürel rolü, bu alandaki çalışmalar içinde yeterince araştırılmamıştır. Çalışmamız Bizans mimarlık tarihi alanındaki bu eksiği doldurmak üzere korunmuş dönem yapıları üzerinden yapılan çözümlemeler ve yapı inşa pratikleri üzerine yapılan incelemelere odaklanmıştır. Çalışmamız kapsamında kornişin literatürde var olan tanımlarının mimarlık ve Bizans terimlerine odaklanan sözlükler ile Bizans mimarlık tarihini konu alan referans kitaplar üzerinden yapılan incelemesinde de bu benzersiz rolün Bizans mimarisi bağlamında değerlendirilmediği tespit edilebilmektedir. İncelemelerimizde birtakım ortak üslup özellikleri ile tanımlayabileceğimiz yeterli sayıda örneğe erişebildiğimiz Konstantinopolis dini mimari örnekleri tercih edilmiş, çalışma kendine has bir Bizans mimari üslubunun tanımlanabildiği Orta Bizans dönemine tarihlenebilen yapılar ile sınırlandırılmıştır. Bu yapılarda strüktürel olarak kornişe gereksinim duyulan tonoz başlangıç seviyeleri, kubbe geçişleri, katlar arası geçiş gibi yerlerde bu elemanların işlevsel katkısı incelenmiş, ayrıca biçim ve konumları ile inşa sürecine dahil ediliş şekilleri etüt edilmiştir. Çalışmamız geniş kapsamda dekoratif bir öğe olarak algılanan kornişin Bizans yapısal sistemlerindeki rolünü tanımlamış, kullanıldığı farklı dönemlere göre doğrudan bezemeli ve profilli görünen dekoratif yüzeyleri haricinde görünmeyen yapısal önemlerine odaklanmıştır. İç ve dış cephelerde gözlemlenebilen bezemeli yüzeyeler bir yana, bu çalışma yapım esnasında korniş bloklarının duvar örgüsü içinde kalan ve gözle görülmeyen ancak asıl işlevsel görevleri üstlenen kısımlarını tanımlamayı hedeflemiştir.
Özet (Çeviri)
SUMMARY Throughout the history of architecture, the cornice element has been a prominent feature, serving both structural and decorative roles in a wide array of architectural contexts. From the classical orders of ancient Greece and Rome to the complex styles of medieval and modern architecture, the cornice has adapted to different periods, regions, and building technologies. This versatility has ensured its presence in the built environment for millennia, making it one of the most enduring elements in architectural design. The cornice can be found in various locations within buildings, such as the perimeter of rooflines, along the tops of walls, or framing windows and doors. In some cases, it serves as a transitional feature between different floors, marking a visual and functional separation. This dual role of the cornice—as both a structural necessity and a decorative embellishment—has allowed it to persist in architectural history. It has played a vital part in shaping the character of countless architectural styles, from the grand temples of antiquity to the ornate cathedrals of the Renaissance, and into the sleek designs of the modern era. The cornice's role in architecture, however, has evolved considerably over time. In classical architecture, it formed an essential part of the entablature, functioning as a protective feature by directing water away from the walls and aiding in load distribution. This dual function reinforced its structural importance. However, as architectural styles shifted during the Renaissance and Baroque periods, the cornice assumed a more decorative character, with its ornamental potential fully realized through intricate moldings and profiles that became integral to the aesthetic of façades and interiors. Despite its transformation, the cornice retained a balance between form and function throughout these periods. The advent of modernist architecture in the 20th century, with its emphasis on the rejection of unnecessary ornamentation, marked a critical turning point in the perception and use of cornices. Influenced by movements such as the Bauhaus and International Style, modernist architects criticized traditional architectural details, including cornices, viewing them as extraneous elements that contradicted the ethos of simplicity and functionalism. This led to the widespread omission of cornices in modernist architectural design, as they were deemed superfluous vestiges of past architectural styles. Modernist critiques framed the cornice as an ornamental feature disconnected from the structural requirements of buildings, further contributing to its diminished use during this period. Nonetheless, the decline of the cornice in modernist architecture did not signify its complete disappearance. In the latter half of the 20th century, the postmodern architectural movement revitalized interest in historical forms, reintroducing cornices into contemporary design, albeit often in a stylized or exaggerated manner. Postmodern architects sought to challenge the rigid functionalism of modernism by reinterpreting traditional architectural elements with a sense of irony and playfulness. This revival of the cornice—whether as a deliberate reference to historical styles or as an abstracted architectural gesture—underscored the persistent relevance of this element. The enduring presence of the cornice across architectural history highlights its adaptability to changing stylistic and technological paradigms, as well as its capacity to oscillate between structural necessity and ornamental enhancement. Within this extensive architectural trajectory, the application of the cornice in Byzantine architecture presents a particularly underexplored and unique case. Despite the considerable attention given to the role of cornices in classical and post-classical architectural traditions, the specific structural function of the cornice within Byzantine architecture has received minimal scholarly focus. This oversight is particularly striking given that, in the context of Byzantine architecture, the cornice transcended its conventional ornamental role to serve a critical structural function. Unlike in many other architectural traditions, where the cornice primarily served decorative purposes, in Byzantine architecture it was integral to the building's structural system, playing a potential supportive role in stabilizing the construction and facilitating architectural transitions. This study aims to address the gap in the scholarship by investigating the functional significance of the cornice in Byzantine architecture, particularly within the context of religious structures in Constantinople. Focusing primarily on buildings from the Middle Byzantine period, the research explores how cornices contributed to both the aesthetic and structural dimensions of Byzantine architecture. This period is notable for its highly developed architectural forms, particularly in religious buildings, which are characterized by their complex use of domes, vaults, and arches. The cornice, often employed at critical junctures such as the transition between domes and walls or between different storeys, was integral to the structural coherence of these buildings. One of the key contributions of this study is its re-evaluation of the cornice as not merely a decorative element, but as a functional architectural feature embedded within the construction techniques of Byzantine builders. The research reveals that in many cases, cornices in Byzantine buildings were incorporated into the masonry as load bearing components, functioning to distribute weight and stabilize the structure. These embedded cornice blocks, which were often concealed from view, played a crucial role in the architectural integrity of Byzantine buildings, particularly in ensuring the stability of domes, vaults, and arches. By examining these structural roles, this study challenges the prevailing notion that the cornice in Byzantine architecture was primarily ornamental. The methodology of the research involves an extensive analysis of preserved Middle Byzantine structures in Constantinople, focusing on religious buildings where the cornice played a potential supportive role in both structural and decorative capacities. Detailed examinations of construction techniques, archival research, and building analysis have been employed to uncover the specific ways in which cornices were integrated into the overall design and construction of these buildings. This approach allows for a more nuanced understanding of the cornice's role in Byzantine architecture, revealing its significance not only as an aesthetic feature but also as an indispensable component of the structural system. Furthermore, the study highlights how the cornice in Byzantine architecture contributed to the visual and spatial coherence of the building. In addition to its structural functions, the cornice often served to accentuate the rhythm and proportions of the building's design, reinforcing the architectural composition through its placement and profile. The dual role of the cornice—as both a structural and aesthetic element—exemplifies the Byzantine architects' ability to integrate form and function in their designs. This study posits that the cornice, far from being a secondary decorative feature, was central to the success of Byzantine architectural innovations, particularly in the construction of large-scale religious buildings. In conclusion, this research contributes to a deeper understanding of the role of the cornice in Byzantine architecture, offering a reassessment of its function within the broader architectural and structural systems of the time. By shifting the focus from the cornice's ornamental aspects to its hidden structural contributions, this study opens up new avenues for interpreting Byzantine construction techniques and architectural aesthetics. The findings underscore the importance of reconsidering architectural elements that have often been dismissed as purely decorative, demonstrating that the cornice in Byzantine architecture was, in fact, a key component of both the visual and structural framework of buildings. This research not only fills a gap in the scholarship on Byzantine architecture but also provides a broader insight into the enduring relevance of the cornice across architectural history, illustrating its capacity to bridge the divide between aesthetic expression and structural functionality across diverse periods and styles.
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