Konut üretimindeki tektipleşmenin kullanıcılarınyere bağlılıklarına etkisi: İstanbul Çeliktepe örneği
The impact of standardization in housing production on users' place attachment: the case of Çeliktepe, İstanbul
- Tez No: 961880
- Danışmanlar: DOÇ. DR. DİLEK YILDIZ ÖZKAN
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Mimarlık, Architecture
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 2025
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı
- Bilim Dalı: Mimarlık ve Tasarım Bilim Dalı
- Sayfa Sayısı: 153
Özet
20. yüzyıl itibarıyla küreselleşme, göç hareketleri ve seri üretim yöntemlerinin gelişimi gibi çeşitli dinamikler, şehirlerde benzer konut tiplerinin yaygınlaşmasına yol açmış; bu durum da yoğun kent dokusu içinde mekânsal çeşitliliğin azalmasına ve kimlikten yoksun yerleşim alanlarının ortaya çıkmasına neden olmuştur. Özellikle konut üretimi bağlamında, artan barınma ihtiyacına ek olarak, konutun bir yatırım ve kazanç aracı olarak değerlendirilmesi, benzer niteliklerde seri üretim ve yap-sat modeliyle inşa edilen konutların çoğalmasına zemin hazırlamıştır. Bu süreçte, kalıplaşmış ve kazanç odaklı tasarım anlayışları hem konutların hem de yaşam çevrelerinin tekdüze hale gelmesine sebep olmuştur. Bu çalışma, konut ve çevresindeki bu tek tipleşmenin bireylerin yaşadıkları yerle kurdukları ilişkiler ve aidiyet duyguları üzerindeki etkilerini incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Konut ve çevresinin mekânsal dönüşümü yalnızca fiziksel özelliklerle sınırlı kalmayıp, bireylerin yaşadıkları çevreyle kurdukları bağı ve“yere bağlılık”hissini de etkilemektedir. Yere bağlılık, bireyin bulunduğu yerle kurduğu olumlu ilişki olarak tanımlanabilirken, konut bağlamında bu durum bireyin yaşadığı mekâna yönelik duygusal ve sosyal bir aidiyet hissetmesi şeklinde açıklanabilir. Ancak zamanla tek tip konut üretimi ve buna eşlik eden yaşam çevrelerinin standartlaşması, farklı bireylerin zihinlerinde farklı anlamlar barındıran“ev”ya da“yuva”kavramından uzak, yabancılaştırıcı ve aidiyet duygusunu zedeleyici bir yapıya bürünmektedir. Bu çerçevede çalışma, yere bağlılık duygusunun yalnızca sosyal faktörlerle değil, aynı zamanda fiziksel çevreyle kurulan ilişkilerle de şekillendiğini göstermeyi hedeflemektedir. Bu araştırma kapsamında, 1950'li yıllardan sonra hızlı bir kentleşme sürecine giren İstanbul'un Kağıthane ilçesine bağlı Çeliktepe Mahallesi inceleme alanı olarak seçilmiştir. Bu alanın seçilmesinde, çevresinde gelişen sanayinin etkisiyle hızla artan nüfusun barınma ihtiyacına yanıt olarak inşa edilen yoğun ve birbirine benzeyen konut dokusu belirleyici olmuştur. Bölgede, yap-sat modeliyle üretilmiş bitişik nizam apartmanlar ağırlıktadır ve günümüzde de benzer parsel düzeni üzerinde benzer üretim yöntemleriyle yeni yapılar inşa edilmektedir. Araştırma, bu apartmanlarda yaşayan bireylerle yapılan anket çalışmaları üzerinden yürütülmüştür. 100 kişiyle gerçekleştirilen anketlerde, katılımcıların konutlarına olan bağlılık düzeyleri sorgulanmış, elde edilen veriler analiz edilerek Çeliktepe' deki bireylerin konutlarıyla kurdukları yere bağlılık ilişkisi değerlendirilmiştir. Sonuçlar, bireylerin konutlarının fiziksel özellikleriyle yere bağlılık düzeyleri arasında anlamlı bir ilişki olduğunu ve fiziksel çevrenin iyileştirilmesinin yere bağlılık hissini olumlu yönde etkilediğini ortaya koymuştur.
Özet (Çeviri)
Since the 20th century, various dynamics such as globalization, migration movements, and the development of mass production methods have led to the proliferation of similar housing types in cities. This has resulted in a decrease in spatial diversity within dense urban environments and the emergence of identityless residential areas. Particularly in the context of housing production, in addition to the growing need for shelter, the perception of housing as an investment and profit-generating tool has paved the way for the rise of mass-produced,“build-and-sell”model homes. In this process, standardized and profit-driven design approaches have contributed to the uniformity of both the housing and the surrounding living environments. This study aims to examine the impact of this uniformity in housing and its surrounding environment on the relationships individuals form with the places they inhabit and their sense of belonging. The spatial transformation of housing and its surrounding environment is not limited to physical characteristics but also affects individuals' connections to their living environments and their sense of“place attachment.”Place attachment can be defined as the positive relationship an individual has with a particular place, and in the context of housing, this can be explained as the emotional and social sense of belonging that an individual feels toward the place they live. Over time, however, the standardization of housing production and the accompanying standardization of living environments has led to a more alienating and attachment-damaging structure, distancing the concept of“home”or“dwelling”from its varied meanings in the minds of different individuals. In this context, the study aims to demonstrate that place attachment is shaped not only by social factors but also by the relationships individuals have with the physical environment. This study is one of the few investigations in Turkey that explores the relationship between the physical environment and emotional bonds to place by examining the levels of place attachment among residents living in standardized apartment housing, particularly those constructed under the“build-and-sell”model. While place attachment is frequently addressed in the literature in the context of social relationships or temporal experiences, this study aims to fill a significant gap by focusing on its connection with the physical environment. Moreover, unlike the common focus on neighborhood-scale studies, this research adopts the housing unit as the scale of place, treating the neighborhood only in terms of its relationship to the dwelling and its immediate surroundings. For instance, Heidari (2016) examined the impacts of urban transformation on urban identity, place attachment, and quality of life in the Çeliktepe neighborhood of Istanbul's Kağıthane district. However, that study was framed at the neighborhood level and shaped within the context of collective identity. Ghannad, Habib, and Zabihi (2021) emphasize the scarcity of systematic and psychometrically robust studies that examine the relationship between physical characteristics of housing and place attachment. In their research addressing the effects of housing complex features on residents' place attachment and their tendency to remain in their dwellings, problems stemming from standardization in the physical environment were not sufficiently discussed in terms of belonging. Similarly, Lewicka (2010) notes that there are few studies directly exploring the relationship between place attachment and the physical environment; yet, she highlights that quiet areas, aesthetic structures, and green spaces are significant elements in existing research. Fornara, Bonaiuto, and Bonnes (2010), focusing on the quality of the residential environment, revealed the multidimensional aspects of place attachment, such as positive environmental perception, desire for improvement, and unwillingness to leave the place. However, these studies do not examine the issue through the lens of standardization and are limited to the neighborhood scale. This study aims to demonstrate that housing is not merely a spatial unit but also a setting that influences individuals' processes of developing a sense of belonging and identity. Particularly in rapidly transforming cities such as Istanbul, this research contributes to the theoretical literature by empirically investigating the potential effects of housing characteristics on place attachment and underscores the importance of user-centered approaches in urban planning and housing policies. This research examines the impact of standardization in housing production on individuals' sense of place attachment. The study consists of three main sections.The first section is dedicated to a literature review on place attachment. In this part, the concept of place attachment and related notions such as place identity and sense of place are explored. Place attachment is analyzed within the framework proposed by Scannell & Gifford (2010), which considers the dimensions of person, place, and process. Drawing on key references such as Lewicka (2010, 2011) and Giuliani (1991, 2003), the section discusses how individuals form relationships with their environments. In particular, the place dimension is examined in the context of housing, discussing how the physical environment may influence individuals' sense of belonging. At the end of the section, variables of place attachment—including socio-demographic, interactional, and physical place-related factors—are addressed to lay the groundwork for the field study. The second section focuses on the phenomenon of standardization. Here, the conceptual background of standardization is examined, and the influence of factors such as globalization, industrialization, modernization, and mass production on the standardization of housing production is discussed. Additionally, the historical processes observed in Turkey's housing production—particularly since the 1950s—are reviewed, detailing the evolution of standardization and the influence of the build-and-sell model. The third section presents the field study conducted in the Çeliktepe neighborhood. Located in the Kağıthane district of Istanbul, Çeliktepe was selected as a neighborhood shaped by rapid industrialization and urbanization processes and characterized by similar building typologies. This section covers the socio-demographic structure, spatial transformation, and housing production processes of Çeliktepe, as well as the data obtained from a survey conducted in the area. The relationship between residents' levels of attachment to their homes and the physical characteristics of the environment is evaluated. The methodology of this research is based on a field study designed to explore whether standardization in housing production affects users' sense of place attachment. The first two sections present a literature review on the concepts of place attachment and standardization, relevant theories, and housing production processes in Turkey. These provide a comprehensive theoretical foundation for understanding the dynamics of place attachment and the effects of standardization in housing production. Based on this background, the framework for the field study was established. In the third section, the field research—intended to support the theoretical basis with empirical data—is presented. The research focuses on apartment buildings constructed under the build-and-sell model, characterized by similar features and attached layouts, along with their immediate surroundings. Accordingly, the Çeliktepe neighborhood in the Kağıthane district of Istanbul was selected. First, an analysis of the neighborhood was conducted. Then, through surveys carried out in the area, the residents' perceptions of their homes and surroundings, as well as their levels of place attachment, were analyzed. The collected data were processed using MAXQDA and SPSS software to examine the relationship between housing characteristics and the sense of place attachment. This methodological approach aims to provide a foundation for understanding the factors that influence individuals' sense of place attachment in standardized housing environments.
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