Genç-modern ve post-modern yaklaşımların kentsel mekanlara yansımaları
Reflections of late-modern and post-modern approaches on urban space
- Tez No: 39472
- Danışmanlar: PROF.DR. NURAN GÜLERSAY ( ZEREN )
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Şehircilik ve Bölge Planlama, Urban and Regional Planning
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1994
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 203
Özet
XIX. Yüzyıl'ın ikinci yarısıyla, ekonomik alandaki gelişmelerin, teknolojinin, endüstriye bağlı demografik artışların, Modernizm anlayışının sonuçlarının yansıdığı kentsel mekanlara tepkiler çoğalmaktadır. Bu tepkilerle Batı'da sosyal yönü ağırlıklı yeni anlayışlar ortaya çıkmaktadır. Mekanı biçimlendiren temel öğelerden biri olan binalar, kütle etkileri ve dış cephe özellikleriyle de "Kentsel Tasarım'ın birim elemanlarını oluşturmakta ve ortaya atılan yeni anlayışlar, akımlar, binaların özelliklerini biçimlendirirlerken, bu binaların dış cephe özellikleri ve kütle etkileri de kentsel mekanlara yansımaktadır. Bu tezde de, son dönemde gelişen Post-Modem binaların cephe özellikleri ve kütle etkilerinin yansıdığı kentsel mekanlar, özellikle de toplu konut uygulamaları değerlendirilmektedir. Post-Modem mimari akımın değerlendirilmesinden önce, bu akımın nasıl ortaya çıktığının kavranabilmesi açısından, Bölüm 2'de Endüstri Çağı ile temeli atılan, Post-Modernizm'in tepki olarak çıktığı Modemizm, Bölüm 3'de de Modernizm'den Post-Modernizm'e geçişte ara kesitte yer alan Geç-Modern Yaklaşımlar ele alınmaktadır. Geç-Modem ve Post-Modern'in kentsel mekanlara yansıyan yönleri Charles Jencks'in ele aldığı kategorilerde incelenmekte ve toplu konut kentsel yerleşim olgularından da örnekler verilmektedir. Tezin dördüncü bölümünde bu akımların Türkiye'deki gelişimleri, beşinci bölümde de Türkiye'deki bazı toplu konut kentsel yerleşimleri bu akımların yansımaları yönünden değerlendirilmektedir. Sonuç olarak, incelenen Geç-Modem ve Post-Modem yaklaşımlar, Batı'da belirli ideolojiler ve Modernizm'in başarısız yönlerine tepkilerle gelişirken, ülkemizde belirli bir ideolojik kökene bağlı olmaksızın, kentsel mekanlara çekicilik getirebilmek amacıyla yaygınlık gösterdiği görülmektedir. Gerek tek yapı örneklerinde, gerekse toplu konut örneklerinde yapılan gözlemler sonucunda, Post-Modem yaklaşımların Türkiye'de daha çok görsel yönden biçimsel aktarmalar ve renk unsurları ile gerçekleştirildiği, sosyal ve psikolojik yönüne çok ağırlık verilemediği saptanmaktadır. XX
Özet (Çeviri)
With the coming of the second half of the 20th. Century, the consequences of economic development, technology and industry related demographic increase have effected to urban space. Reactions to this urban space and to the circumstances created by social, psychological, political and economic conditions are increasing. These reactions of the society, in the West, led to new considerations with designers in shaping new urban space. The purpose of this thesis is to determine how these reactions, which concentrate during 20th. Century's especially second half, differentiate up to present day; and what are the effective architectural approaches, generally named as“Late - Modem”and“Post-Modem”, in shaping urban space. When viewed in a chronological order, concepts effective enough to start a new epoch, generally develops with the deficiencies of medium created by the previous ideas, their failures or with the results of new circumstances created. In order to be able to comprehend the medium in which Late-Modem and Post-Modem approaches developed, Modernism and even the medium that prepared Modernism are revisited in the earlier chapters of thesis. The medium that prepared Modernism is one in which a rapid social, economic and cultural differentation and innovations were constituted about two-and-a-half Centuries ago. Industrial Revolution and traditional culture in the XIX. th century responsible for this medium had been disintegrating, on ideology positioned fundamentally on“avant-gardism”was emerging. This ideology was formulated as Modernism in 1820's. The Industry Age foundation of which was laid by the use of machines in manufacturing would lead to Modem Architecture. Following 1850's, steel and reinforced - concrete structures would be constructed in cities. xxiDuring the early periods of Modern Architecture, De Stijl and Bauhaus Schools and individuals such as Le Corbusier and Frank Uoyd Wright with their ideas and applications had been quite influential in the development of Modern Architecture. Even though these individuals had varying Modernist trends,“Modern Architecture”as on original styl is the principles set by CIAM (Congres Internationaux d'Architecture Modeme) that continued to exist between the years 1928-1950. According to CIAM, the philosophy of Modernism is technocentric and rationalist; and its ideology is constituted by standardisation in production, break-away from the history, and proliferation of imformation. These principles of proven in CIAM, spred to the whole world, this“International Style”aspect of Modernism, whether a low-rise building or a sky-scraper, imposed itself upon all cities is the form of a rigid prism (square or rectangle). Industry Age, while constituting the foundation of the“Modem Concepf'in Architecture, was also playing a role in the development of Moden ürbanism Concept. Mechanical innovations, accelerated industrialization also led to the development of new ideas by many planners. During the early period of Modernism ”Linear City“ proposal of Soria Y. Mata, Tony Gamier's ”Industrial City“ schema, Ebenezer Howard's ”Garden City“ proposal that advocated decentralization as apposed to strategic, social and economic draw backs of over-growth concentrated at single center: are fairly important ideas. At the beginning of the 20th Century Daniel Burnham, due to his yearn for Renaissance City, had started ”City Beautiful“ movement, but later in accord with the urgency for solutians to planning problems a more practical and functional planning concept of ”City Efficient“ movement became dominant. Starting in 1920s, economic and social planning leading to long term methodologies, prorgamming of mega urban structures leading to macro urbanism gave way to Modem ürbanism Concept- During the same years, Zeilenbau of Walter Gropius from the Bauhaus School and Mies's housing blocks for the workers in Stuttgart are the first examples of neighbourhood design, Later Le Corbuser's urban design projects such as ”Modem City“, ”Plan Voisin“, ”La Ville Redieuse“ gained international recognition. In 1932, Frank Uoyd Wright, with his ”Broadacre City“ project, exhibits an anti-city manner advocating low-density residential areas, that differs from other approaches. During these years as the result of demographic increases due to pull-effect of cities created by industrialization as consequences suggestion of new social and political ideologies, development of new work organizations and transportation possibilites led to gradual loss of humanistic aspect of traditional urbanism concept. Modernism also introduced developments such as garden city, new towns, sub-urbs, and housing complex as well as the zoning concept. However, by the time increase in xxnsocially disadvantageous, monotonous and identical urban space in these new settlement areas; coused great reaction to extreme order, boring style, importance given to materialism, lack of local identity and advocacy for a society dependent on industry of Modernism, later approaches are named as ”Late-Modem“ and ”Post-Modem“. In the Third Chapter of dissertation Late-Modem and Post-Modem approaches are being examined. Ideas and applicotions of researchers, authors and architects such as Jane Jocobs, Kevin Lynch, Robert Venturi, Aldo Rossi, Leon Krier, Rob Krier, C. Rowe, F. Koetler, Jean Francois Tribillion of Late- Modem approach also constitute the Post-Modem Architecture Concept. These individuals, opposing to urban space created by Modernism, brought ideas such as urban space away form monotony, human scale of traditional city, wholistic use of urban functions contrary to zoning principles, urban image concept and possibility of constituting cities with emphosis on societal aspects into the agenda. During this process, Late-Modem developed different architectural trends. Expressionizm, BrQtalizm, Organic Architecture Trends developed during this period and began to give different examples of urban space. In 1972, as the result of users decision the demolition of Pruitt - Igoe Modem Settlement in St. Lois that had been constructed based on the theories of QAM, has shaken the ideology of Modernism. This date has been identified as the death of Modem Architecture by Charles Jencks who is influencial in the development of Post-Modemism concept. Within the scope of dissertation, those aspects of Late-Modernism and Post-Modemism reflected upon urban space, are investigated within the categories set by Charles Jencks. Jencks, including some examples of Expressionist, Organic and Brutalist architectural structures developed with Late-Modernist Concepts, examined Post-Modem approaches in 6 categories. These are: 1- Historicism, 2-Straight Revivalism, 3- Neo-Vernacular, 4-Ad-Hoc CJrbanist, 5- Metephor Metaphysical, 6- Post-Modem Space. As examined in these categories, in order for Post-Modemism to catch the human scale of traditional city, at times would reflect history as is, at times would reach synteses harrowing from the history. Contrary to monotony of Modem urban space Post-Modem architectural approaches, based on entertainment, metaphor and symbols, develops desing ideas that place importance also on social and psychological needs,and in contrast to zoning concept advocates the wholistic use of functions. In the Fourth Chapter of dissertation, the devlopment of these worl-wide approaches in Turkey will be examined. From the foundation of Republic xxiiiof Turkey in 1923 to 1927 dominant approach is to copy the architectural elements of Ottoman and Seljuk religious and educational institutions. After 1927, under the influence of modernization, and foreign arcihetcts and professors visiting Turkey; ”International Style" aspect of Modernism, cubic mass concept, large window facades and flat roofs were introduced. During these years, the attempt for preparing Ankara Master Plan in 1928 can be regarded as the reflection of Modem planning. This is followed by the master plan studies of other cities. In the second half of the 20 th Century in Turkey too, aside to rationalist manner of Modernism, Regional - Local and Traditional elements gained importance. Among these manners some examples exhibit Late-Modem and Post-Modem trends too. However, during these years in Turkey mostly the influence of Brutalism examined in Late-Modem architectural approaches can be seen. Clp to 1970s Brutalism being the most frequent, the examples of Organic Architecture and few Expressionist examples realized in Turkey. After 1970s, due to the increase in both technological possibilittes and accessibility to the developments in the West led to the construction of Post-Modem buildings. In Turkey, mostly the re-interpretation of traditional values and local characteristics,and search for new forms aspects of Post-Modernism can be observed. Following 1980s, use of formal elements and emphasis on colour element on facades are seen. In addition, in big cities sky-scrapers perceived as the prestige of Modernism and Late-Modernism apart from buildings with no architectural consideration what so ever are increasing in number rapidly. In the Fifth Chapter of thesis, architectural trends that play role in shaping urban space in Turkey are analysed in relation to phonomena of housing complex urban settlements. In this evaluation, the views of architects and urban planners influencial in Turkey are taken advantage of. Very few row-houses constructed before the Republic was founded, are in a way identified as the first examples to approach housing complex phenomenon. Nevertheless, the characteristics of their facade still show the traces of classical Ottoman religious buildings. In 1923, after the foundation of the Republic the first applications present the influence of garden houses and the facedes free themselves from the ornaments of Ottoman Period. Later a transformation from German type garden houses to high-rise residential builidngs reflecting the early influences of Modernism. Especially after 1945 in new-development areas, eventhough the developing technology of Modernism was not fully utilized, these newly built areas reflect the unsuccesful Modem Residential areas of the West prior to 1950s with their building density, height and unpleasent urban space. In the following years in developed housing compiej urban settlements low-rise houses in addition to the high-rises were built, but xxivrapid urbanisation and urgent need for housing have resulted in high density settlement areas with heavy emphasis on functional aspects rather than architectural. Following 1980s the influences of Late-Modernism and Post-Modemism is valid. The dominant trends in these applications are transformation of past facade elements, synthesis of these elements, dominance of local characteristics and reflection of colour considerations on facades. But, after creating look-a-like settlement areas, this time the creation of different housing complexes are tried to be achieved only through differences on facades. Therefore urban space only sensitive to facads are formed. Recently housing complex developments are subject to various critisizms which have the same theme. Attractive urban space can not be achieved soley through facad elements borrowed from the past, wrong locational choices of the buildings, short falls in meeting the social and psychological needs of comman space, and high-density development constitute not attractive but quite repulsive urban settlement phonomena. xxv
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