Temel parçacık fiziğindeki dedektör sistemleri
The Dedevtor systems in the elementary particle physics
- Tez No: 50313
- Danışmanlar: DOÇ.DR. NAFİZE KOCA
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Fizik ve Fizik Mühendisliği, Physics and Physics Engineering
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1996
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: Çukurova Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 66
Özet
61 SUMMARY The detectors employed in experiments in high-energy physics are required to record the position, arrival time and identity of charged particles. Precise evaluation of position coordinates is required to determine the particle trajectory and, in particular, its momentum (from the deflection in a magnetic field); precise timing is often required in order to associate one particle with another from the same interaction, frequently in situations where the total interaction rate per unit time may be very high. The identity of a particle may be established from simultaneous mesaurement of velocity (by time-of-flight or Cerenkov radiation) and momentum, and hence the rest mass; from the observation of decay modes, if the particle is unstable; and from its observed interaction with matter via strong electromagnetic or weak forces. Neutral particles are detected through their decay (e.g., K° -> 7tV) and/or interaction with matter (e.g. 7t° -> 2y, y ->. eV), leading to secondary charged particles. Ionization detectors were the first electrical devices developed for radiation detection. These instruments are based on the direct collection of the ionization electrons and ions produced in a gas by passing radiation. During the firs half of the century, three basic types of detector were developed: the ionization chamber, the proportional counter and the Geiger Miiller counter. Except for specific applications, these particular devices are not widesperead use in modern nuclear and particle physics experiments today. They are, however, still very much employed in the laboratory as radiation monitors. They are cheap, simple to operate and easy to maintain. One of the basic requirements of experimental particle physics is the determination of particle trajectories.Un until about 1970, all tracking devices were, for the most part, optical in nature. Photographic emulsions, the cloud chamber, the bubble chamber, the spark chamber, all required the recording on track information on film which was then analyzed frame by frame for events of interest. An all-electronic device, therefore, was greatly desired as it would allow more events to be treated more accurately. One possibility was to construct arrays of many proportional counters tubes, mechanically. In 1968 multiwire proportional chambers were inventioned by Charpak. Charpak showed, in effect, that an array of many closely spaced anode wires in the same chamber could each act as independent proportional counters. Stimulated by this success, the following years saw the development of the drift chamber and, somewhat later, the time projection chamber. They are now used extensively in high energy physics experiments and require more sophisticated electronics as well as data acquisition by computer.62 The scintillation detector is undoubtedly one of the most often and widely used particle detection devices in nuclear and particle physics today. It makes use of the fact that certain materials when struck by a nuclear particle or radiation, emit a small flash of light i.e. a scintillation. When coupled to on amplifying device such a photomultiplier, these scintillations can be converted into electrical pulses which can then be analyzed and counted electronically to give information covering the incident radiation. For the measurement of the energy of very high-energy particles it has become usual to employ devices known as“Calorimeters”. In a calorimeter the particle loses practically all its energy by processes which include a stoge of ionisation and ultimately result in heat. The measurement of the energy is achieved by measuring the energy deposited in the ionisation and excitation stage of energy loss. Calorimeters fall into two categories. These designed to measure electron and y-ray energies via electromagnetic processes and these designed to measure the energies of the strongly-interacting particles via nuclear interaction processes.
Özet (Çeviri)
61 SUMMARY The detectors employed in experiments in high-energy physics are required to record the position, arrival time and identity of charged particles. Precise evaluation of position coordinates is required to determine the particle trajectory and, in particular, its momentum (from the deflection in a magnetic field); precise timing is often required in order to associate one particle with another from the same interaction, frequently in situations where the total interaction rate per unit time may be very high. The identity of a particle may be established from simultaneous mesaurement of velocity (by time-of-flight or Cerenkov radiation) and momentum, and hence the rest mass; from the observation of decay modes, if the particle is unstable; and from its observed interaction with matter via strong electromagnetic or weak forces. Neutral particles are detected through their decay (e.g., K° -> 7tV) and/or interaction with matter (e.g. 7t° -> 2y, y ->. eV), leading to secondary charged particles. Ionization detectors were the first electrical devices developed for radiation detection. These instruments are based on the direct collection of the ionization electrons and ions produced in a gas by passing radiation. During the firs half of the century, three basic types of detector were developed: the ionization chamber, the proportional counter and the Geiger Miiller counter. Except for specific applications, these particular devices are not widesperead use in modern nuclear and particle physics experiments today. They are, however, still very much employed in the laboratory as radiation monitors. They are cheap, simple to operate and easy to maintain. One of the basic requirements of experimental particle physics is the determination of particle trajectories.Un until about 1970, all tracking devices were, for the most part, optical in nature. Photographic emulsions, the cloud chamber, the bubble chamber, the spark chamber, all required the recording on track information on film which was then analyzed frame by frame for events of interest. An all-electronic device, therefore, was greatly desired as it would allow more events to be treated more accurately. One possibility was to construct arrays of many proportional counters tubes, mechanically. In 1968 multiwire proportional chambers were inventioned by Charpak. Charpak showed, in effect, that an array of many closely spaced anode wires in the same chamber could each act as independent proportional counters. Stimulated by this success, the following years saw the development of the drift chamber and, somewhat later, the time projection chamber. They are now used extensively in high energy physics experiments and require more sophisticated electronics as well as data acquisition by computer.62 The scintillation detector is undoubtedly one of the most often and widely used particle detection devices in nuclear and particle physics today. It makes use of the fact that certain materials when struck by a nuclear particle or radiation, emit a small flash of light i.e. a scintillation. When coupled to on amplifying device such a photomultiplier, these scintillations can be converted into electrical pulses which can then be analyzed and counted electronically to give information covering the incident radiation. For the measurement of the energy of very high-energy particles it has become usual to employ devices known as“Calorimeters”. In a calorimeter the particle loses practically all its energy by processes which include a stoge of ionisation and ultimately result in heat. The measurement of the energy is achieved by measuring the energy deposited in the ionisation and excitation stage of energy loss. Calorimeters fall into two categories. These designed to measure electron and y-ray energies via electromagnetic processes and these designed to measure the energies of the strongly-interacting particles via nuclear interaction processes.
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