Toplu konut ve kimlik
Housing and identity
- Tez No: 66748
- Danışmanlar: PROF. DR. AHSEN ÖZSOY
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Mimarlık, Architecture
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1997
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı
- Bilim Dalı: Bina Bilgisi Bilim Dalı
- Sayfa Sayısı: 170
Özet
ÖZET insanoğlunun barınma ihtiyacını gideren konut?zamanla, bireyin ve toplumun kültürel kimliğini?yansıtan önemli bir yapı tipi olmuştur. Değişen?sosyo-ekonomi k yapıya bağlı toplu konut olgusu ise?kullanıcının katkısı dışında, çağın endüstriyel?koşulları ve mimarlık kuramları gibi etkilerle?gelişmiştir. Geleneksel konutta yaratılmış olan?kimlik anlayışı, toplu konutta yaratılamamıştır.?Günümüz birey ve toplumlarının genel beklentisi,?konut evriminin günümüzdeki yorumu olan toplu?konut uygulamalarının da bireyin kimliğini?yansıtacak şekilde olmasıdır. Çalışmanın ikinci bölümünde, Sanayileşme ile Batı?toplumunda doğan konut ihtiyacının sosyo-ekonomi k?koşullar ve modernizm öğretisi altında?şekillenmesi anlatılmıştır. Bu amaçla, yapılan?uygulamaların süreç içindeki kimlik özellikleri?incelenmiştir. üçüncü bölümde, Batılılaşmanın sosyo-ekonomi k ve?sosyo-kültürel yapımızda yarattığı değişime bağlı?toplu konut ihtiyacının kentlerimizde doğuş?sebepleri ve toplu konut uygulamalarındaki?arayışlar, genel kimlik arayışımız içinde?değerlendirilmeye çalışılmıştır. Dördüncü bölüm, kuramsal çalışmalar bağlamında?kimlik olgusunu inceleyerek, konut ve kimliğin?bağlarını ortaya koymaktadır. Toplu konutta?kimlik oluşumunun; bi reysel kolektif kimlik,?kullanıcı -tasarımcı kimliği, mimari eğilimler,?teknol03 i-malzeme, organizasyon ve yasal?düzenlemeler gibi birden çok girdiyle şekillendiği?belirtilerek, Batı ve Türkiyedeki süreci bu?bağlamda değerlendirilmeye çalışılmıştır. Son bölümde, toplu konut ihtiyacını doğuran?nedenlerin arkasında Batı toplumunun kültürel?birikimi ile oluşan söylemin yattığı belirtilerek,?bu söyleme bağlı toplu konut uygulamalarının?çağının kuramsal akımlarıyla yönlendiği ve bu?yönleniş içinde kimlik arayışlarının da yine?değişen toplumsal yapıya bağlı olarak gündeme?geldiği belirtilmiştir. Toplu konutun kimlik?arayışlarını Batı kültürel gelişimi ile?yorumlayarak çözmeye çalışırken. Batıyı biçimsel?olarak izleyen Türkiyenin, toplu konut?çözümlerinin de kendi kuramsal temelini?oluşturmadan çözemeyeceği anlatılmıştır. V İ İ İ
Özet (Çeviri)
s a SUMMARY HOUSING AND IDENTITY The term“Housing”with its simplest meaning has been used to describe the basic shelter need o-f the humankinds. Currently a house or a home, is perceived as something that is more complicated in its essence. Housing units in time became a material expression of the individual and the cultural environment ox that individual with their unique building typologies. Traditional household production has taken place with the first hand involvement of the prospective inhabitant, sometimes even including his physical work along with his culturally determined concept ot home. Eventual ly, the above given process has witnessed a radical change in the European continent because of the fundamental changes of the cultural and technological environment, the house production process altered radically, leaving out the integrated relationship of the prospective inhabitant and his concept of home, through the process. Understandably, today, these types of housing has became quite unpopular, lacking the needs of the users. Industrial Revolution which has taken place in the 18 th. century in Europe, has brought a major cultural and technological change. The dynamics of this development inevitably had a substantial impact on Architecture as we 1 1. At this period, quite a few building typologies has been created, among them being the typology of“mass housing”. The concept of mass housing had unique aspects. One important speciality of this new concept was that unlike the new building typologies of the era, like train stations and factories, mass housing had direct cultural and social links with the traditional dwellings, in the sense that they were to perform the same function. On the other hand, mass housing has been the result of a rapid mobilization of people which needed economic dwellings unique in the history, creating a new understanding of housing supported by the Modernist thought ignoring traditional housing concepts. Thus mass housing projects were implemented to solve the intense house shortages of the period with the techniques available with the i nd ustrial i za t i o n. i xThe priority of the mass housing implementations, initially was to create the necessary infrastructure for the basic sheltering needs of the population. Essential ly, this was the reason why mass housing created a primitive dwel 1 i ng environment conceptual ly, resulting with the dissatisfaction of the people living in them practical ly. The i ndust r i 1 i zat i on process of the western world has created a very important and mu 1 t i - d i mens i ona 1 effect where the peripheral cultures and societes were effected substantial ly as wel 1. From our point of view of interest, the mass housing concept was also strongly felt on the traditional Ottoman dwel 1 i ng and after the empire on the Republic's housing issues. The Western influence which changed the architecture and the traditional housing concept of the Ottomans, has created the terrace-housing in Istanbul, which was the product of the local and western cultural motives. On the mass housing subject, one of the important points that has to be explained is that the mass housing was created in the western world with its unique circumstances, where the first examples of the Ottoman society were given for the sake of westernization and for adopting a western way of 1 iving financed by a 1 imited el ite. These examples were also a mixed version of and oriental taste. w estern techniques The real need for the mass society had appeared in country witnessed an immi areas to the major cities newly forming industry. Un unlike it happened in countries, the Tu rkish necessery financing ab i 1 i accomodate the newcommers urbanization has taken sporadicly on the periphe first houses build we techniques, general ly 1 im process carried on until tendencies. At the time t with by the related gov resulted with the first housing implementations infrastructure f ac i 1 i t i imidiately became very poand upper class segmentation of the society which still is the case. The other aspect of the matter was the speculative development of the squatter areas with increasing stories and land invasion. The housing problem in Turkey is currently going through an late but accelareted western example. Mass housing was a product of a social structure where the necessary financing abilities were first created to build such premises because of the stimulation of the industri 1 ization which needed a substantial number of work force around the industri 1 izing cities. These houses were built with the sole purpose of functionality leaving the esthetic and social needs of the culturally shaped and identified human beings. Eventual ly when the welfare and the working conditions of these people improved the natural demands of the individuals had to be included in to the designing process of the housing units. This new attitude has very important similarities with the house building process of the pre- i ndus t r i 1 i zat i on era where the users were activity involved in the implementation. This contemporary phenomenon has brought the cultural identities of the societies along with the increasing importance of the individual identity to the designing process where, now the identities are expressed in the formation of the living units. Because i ndus t r i i s curre ma jor d i f f eren contempo adm i red more or the peop are gene go vernme profess i better e d i stungu 1 i mi ted 1 i ve i n. ta 1 ented express i of 1 i zat nty d i f f e ces i rary in t h less 1 e re ra 1 1 y nt ona 1 nv i ro i shed privi The arch ons a the ion, t going rence n the mass h e sens the f u s i d i ng f ina bod i es and nments examp 1 aged se re i t e c t s re sou late he Turk through be i ng soc i ety ous i ng u e that t net i ona 1 i n them need by they repu tab 1 in ge 1 es of group o s i dences of the ght. deve I i sh h a the i n nits hey a and Si the ar e ar nera 1 hous f peo are count opment ous i ng simi 1 i ma genera i n the re ab 1 cu 1 tu nee th pr i va e d eh i tec The i ng w pie ca des i ry, wh s in the phenomenon ar process, jor i ncome 1. Basically country are e to perform ra 1 needs of ese premises te or semi - esi gned by t s enab 1 i ng re are a 1 so here only a n afford to gned by the ere creative apartment the squatters income citizens Putting aside the formal urban areas, where the low are the major source squatter areas buildings in the are the places reside. These of difference x iand a uni qe country. problem on the housing issue of the As we have observed from the con temprorary mass housing concept the final user of the house is now actively involved in the designing process where he is able to express himself. Real ted to this view one can conclude that the squatter building process is also a self done.job which enables the builder to demonstrate his preferences. Of course this view is wrong and destructive for the general communal benefit. For the individuals who tied the continuity with the meanings that were objects, modern housing units were insuffi fulfil a complete spiritual satisfaction, rejection of the cultural continuity understanding, ignored the identity of community and the individual. In spite basic concepts of Modernism, the Modern itself -in time- has developed an ident continuity itself which turned out monotonuos and ordinary. The functionalist and positive impact of the Modern tought in every aspects of the contemporary life will be felt for a long time to come; but paralel to this the reaction of the wealthier individuals in the western world especial ly, has caused a new reaction which since the early I960* s gave way to new espectations for the 1 iving units and the organizations of the city structures which again actually has historical and traditional motives in them. Regional cultures and historical background has been linked to the cultural identity and thus housing units. This link has been considered as something much more than a symbol ic meaning but to establish an organic continuity in time which has been broken with the Modernism. The mass housing implementations, where these attitudes prevailed has produced successful results because of its ability to integrate individual and social needs of the users. During the time era when Modernism has been facing a fierce challenge from the intellectuals with the backing of a wealty society in the Western World, Turkey's cities were facing an immigration boom from the country side similar to the one European cities faced in the beginning of the century.Mainly because of the lack o-f know - how and the economic constraints the mass housing alternative as a solution to the accommodation problem has been neglected. The consequences of this rapid and uncontrol 1 ab 1 e development, has been the extensive squatter areas, lacking basic health and living conditions, severely damaging the environment, creating an degenerate cultural atmosphere. X 1 1 1
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