Dünya'da kutup araştırma faaliyetleri ve Türkiye için optimum kutup araştırma birimi işletme modeli
Polar research activities in the world and the optimal polar research organization operating model for Türkiye
- Tez No: 959661
- Danışmanlar: PROF. DR. BURCU ÖZSOY
- Tez Türü: Doktora
- Konular: Denizcilik, Kamu Yönetimi, İstatistik, Marine, Public Administration, Statistics
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 2025
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Deniz Ulaştırma Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı
- Bilim Dalı: Deniz Ulaştırma Mühendisliği Bilim Dalı
- Sayfa Sayısı: 109
Özet
Bu tez, küresel ölçekte artan kutup araştırmalarının dinamiklerini inceleyerek, Türkiye için en uygun kutup araştırmaları birimi işletme modelini belirlemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Antarktika ve Arktik bölgeleri; iklim değişikliği, doğal kaynaklara erişim, yeni deniz yolları ve bilimsel iş birlikleri açısından stratejik bir öneme sahiptir. Türkiye'nin bu alanlardaki çıkarlarını etkin şekilde koruyabilmesi, güçlü bir kurumsal yapı ile mümkündür. Tezin ilk bölümünde, Türkiye'nin kutup araştırmalarına ilişkin tarihsel gelişimi üç aşamada ele alınmıştır: bireysel çalışmalar dönemi, akademik yapılanma dönemi ve kurumsal himaye dönemi. Bu süreçte İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi'ne bağlı PolReC ve TÜBİTAK MAM bünyesindeki KARE gibi öncü kurumların kurulması ele alınmıştır. Ancak mevcut yapılar, politika oluşturma, bütçe yönetimi ve uluslararası temsil açısından sınırlı bir etki alanına sahiptir. bu çerçevede, etkinliği yüksek ve çok aktörlü bir kurumsal model gereksinimi ortaya çıkmıştır. Tezin yöntembilimsel çerçevesi Analitik Ağ Süreci (ANP) yaklaşımı üzerine kurulmuştur. Bu doğrultuda iki ayrı anket çalışması gerçekleştirilmiş; biri iş önceliklerinin belirlenmesi, diğeri ise olası örgütsel yapılanmaların kıyaslanması üzerine tasarlanmıştır. Katılımcılar arasında ulusal ve uluslararası düzeyde kutup araştırmalarıyla ilgilenen uzmanlar yer almıştır. Anketlerden elde edilen veriler, SuperDecisions yazılımı aracılığıyla analiz edilmiş ve alternatif kurumsal modeller belirlenen kriterlere göre ağırlıklandırılmıştır. Çalışmada, analiz için temel alınan beş ana kriter şunlardır: bilimsel araştırma kapasitesi, lojistik kabiliyet, insan kaynağı, ulusal kamu hiyerarşisinde konum ve uluslararası ilişkiler. Bulgular, bilimsel araştırma ve lojistik altyapının en kritik alanlar olduğunu göstermektedir. İnsan kaynağı boyutunda, özellikle lisansüstü programların yaygınlaştırılması ve uzun vadeli istihdam planlarının önemi vurgulanmaktadır. Uluslararası düzeyde etkin olabilmek için bilim diplomasisi, çok taraflı antlaşmalara taraf olma ve uluslararası kuruluşlarda temsil gibi unsurlar öne çıkmıştır. Sonuç olarak, Türkiye için en uygun yapı, yarı özerk bir statüyle doğrudan Cumhurbaşkanlığı'na bağlı olacak“Ulusal Kutup Araştırmaları Ajansı”olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu ajans; bilim, lojistik, eğitim, uluslararası ilişkiler ve idari işler gibi beş temel fonksiyona sahip olacak şekilde yapılandırılmalıdır. Ajansın yönetimi, danışma kurulları ve koordinasyon mekanizmalarıyla desteklenmelidir. Modelin, uluslararası eşgüdüme açık bir yapıyı benimsemesi ve çağdaş yönetişim ilkeleriyle uyumlu olması önerilmektedir. Bu çalışma, Türkiye'nin kutup vizyonuna stratejik bir kurumsal yön kazandırmakta; bilimsel üretkenlik ve uluslararası görünürlük açısından bütüncül bir yaklaşım sunmaktadır. Aynı zamanda, kamu-üniversite iş birliğini merkeze alan yeni nesil bir bilimsel örgütlenme modeli olarak, uluslararası literatüre katkı sağlamaktadır.
Özet (Çeviri)
This dissertation examines the evolution and current state of polar research activities across the world, with a specific focus on the institutional frameworks that support national-level operations. It proposes an optimal organizational model tailored to Türkiye's needs for enhancing its presence and effectiveness in the polar regions, particularly the Antarctic and Arctic. The study is rooted in the observation that the growing scientific and geopolitical significance of the polar regions demands not only robust field research capabilities but also a strategically designed and operationally efficient institutional architecture. This is especially important for emerging polar nations like Türkiye, which have demonstrated increasing interest and activity in the polar sciences but currently lack a fully autonomous, functionally integrated national body dedicated to these goals. The Arctic and Antarctic are regions undergoing rapid environmental transformation and simultaneously becoming arenas for intensified scientific, economic, and political interest. Due to their sensitivity to climate change and their influence on global atmospheric and oceanic systems, the poles are at the center of international scientific attention. The polar regions are also rich in untapped natural resources, including hydrocarbons, rare earth elements, and marine biodiversity. The Arctic alone is estimated to contain 13% of the world's undiscovered oil and 30% of undiscovered natural gas reserves, while Antarctica holds more than 70% of global freshwater and is presumed to contain vast mineral reserves. In light of these strategic realities, there is an increasing impetus for countries to develop comprehensive national polar strategies, particularly in the context of environmental diplomacy, scientific influence, and access to natural resources. Türkiye has exhibited a marked increase in strategic engagement and institutional development, particularly after the foundation of the Istanbul Technical University Polar Research Center (ITU PolReC) in 2015 and the TÜBİTAK MAM Polar Research Institute (KARE) in 2019. These two institutions have played pivotal roles. Their contributions include launching national Antarctic expeditions, coordinating scientific projects, and representing Türkiye in international forums. Nevertheless, despite these advances, the current institutional structure faces several institutional constraints. Notably, neither PolReC nor KARE possesses full policy-making authority, budgetary autonomy, or high-level interministerial coordination capacity that characterizes more advanced polar institutions. Türkiye has shown increasing interest in polar sciences. However, it currently lacks a fully autonomous and functionally integrated national body. To address this shortcoming, the research undertakes a comprehensive, interdisciplinary inquiry aimed at designing a robust, adaptable, and nationally aligned polar research organization. This study seeks to answer the following research question: What institutional framework best ensures operational efficacy, scientific capacity, and international visibility for Türkiye's polar research? In pursuit of this objective, the study adopts the Analytic Network Process (ANP), a multi-criteria decision-making methodology particularly suited to addressing problems characterized by complex interdependencies and subjective expert judgments. Through this method, both the priorities of polar research and the comparative assessment of possible organizational models are investigated using empirical data. The research methodology is based on two distinct survey instruments administered to experts in the field, including academics, expedition leaders, logistics coordinators, and policymakers from both national and international institutions. The first survey identifies the key criteria for an effective polar research organization by asking respondents to evaluate the relative importance of domains such as scientific research capacity, logistics infrastructure, human resource development, administrative positioning within government, and international collaboration. Each criterion includes multiple sub-criteria. These include capabilities such as conducting long-term monitoring projects, managing field stations, implementing postgraduate training programs, and participating in international science diplomacy.. The second survey evaluates alternative institutional models based on the weighted priorities established in the first survey. These models include a unit under an existing ministry, an institute within TÜBİTAK, a new semi-autonomous agency reporting directly to the Presidency, and a coordination platform linking multiple institutions. The responses are analyzed using the SuperDecisions software, which allows for the aggregation of expert judgments and the computation of priority vectors among the alternatives. The findings indicate a marked preference for establishing an independent or semi-autonomous agency with direct access to top-level political leadership and integrated operational capacity across scientific, logistical, and diplomatic functions. In analyzing international best practices, the study surveys the organizational structures of leading polar research nations such as the United Kingdom (British Antarctic Survey), Germany (Alfred Wegener Institute), South Korea (KOPRI), Norway (Norwegian Polar Institute), and Chile (INACH). These institutions are characterized by varying degrees of autonomy, institutional scope, and political alignment, but they share several institutional commonalities. One prominent characteristic the presence of centralized authority over polar science funding, infrastructure development, and international representation. Additionally, these bodies often operate under the legal and financial oversight of national science foundations or ministries, but with defined operational autonomy allowing for long-term strategic formulations, manage polar stations, and deploy research vessels. Importantly, they also act as focal points for national and international coordination, serving as the voice of their countries in multilateral scientific and diplomatic forums. Türkiye's proposed model draws on these lessons while recognizing the specific administrative and political landscape of the country. Based on these institutional insights, the study recommends establishing a National Polar Research Agency (NPRA), to be situated directly under the Presidency or a designated coordinating ministry with semi-autonomous status. This agency would encompass five main functional units: scientific research, logistics and field operations, education and human capital, international relations, and administrative and legal affairs. It would be endowed with an independent budget, governed by a high-level board, and advised by a scientific council comprising both national and international experts. Such a configuration would enable strategic planning, cross-sectoral coordination, and timely execution of polar expeditions and international commitments. The NPRA would be tasked with several key responsibilities. First, it would coordinate all Antarctic and Arctic expeditions, including the planning of logistics, the operation of Türkiye's future Antarctic research station(s), and the provision of support services to scientists. Second, it would develop national strategies for polar science, integrating input from universities, research centers, and government agencies. Third, it would serve as Türkiye's formal representative in organizations such as SCAR, COMNAP, CCAMLR, and the Arctic Council (if Türkiye were to gain observer status). Fourth, it would manage national funding schemes for polar research and facilitate public-private partnerships for technology development and innovation in extreme environments. Fifth, it would lead efforts to develop postgraduate education and capacity-building programs in cooperation with Turkish universities, with the goal of training the next generation of polar scientists, engineers, and policy experts. One of the critical insights of the study is that polar research must be seen not merely as a scientific pursuit, but as an integrated component of national development, foreign policy, and innovation strategy. As such, the institutional architecture supporting polar science must be designed with an understanding of interministerial coordination, legislative legitimacy, and long-term sustainability. The proposed agency model thus serves both scientific and strategic functions, providing Türkiye with the tools necessary to shape its own narrative and role in polar governance. It enables Türkiye to move beyond the status of participant observer and towards a proactive, agenda-setting role in polar diplomacy and governance, particularly in the context of multilateral negotiations, international data sharing agreements, and joint expeditions. The study also addresses potential challenges and limitations. These include due to concerns over diminished institutional influence, the complexities of legal establishment and budgeting, and the risk of bureaucratic duplication. To mitigate these issues, the dissertation recommends a phased implementation strategy beginning with the formal recognition of the NPRA through presidential decree, followed by the gradual transfer of expedition coordination, international representation, and research funding responsibilities. The model also includes oversight and accountability mechanisms to ensure transparency and stakeholder engagement. In conclusion, this research contributes a theoretically grounded and empirically validated institutional model for advancing Türkiye's role in polar research. It bridges scientific, administrative, and diplomatic domains by proposing a flexible yet authoritative agency capable of responding to both domestic and international challenges. Through the integration of expert input, comparative institutional analysis, and decision-analytic modeling, the study provides both a conceptual framework and an actionable roadmap for policy implementation. As Türkiye seeks to enhance its scientific capacity, protect its geopolitical interests, and meet its international responsibilities, the establishment of a dedicated, strategically positioned polar research agency emerges as a necessary and forward-looking step. By adopting the proposed model, Türkiye will be better equipped to contribute meaningfully to global polar science and governance in the 21st century.
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