Kalitenin ekonomik analizi
Başlık çevirisi mevcut değil.
- Tez No: 55808
- Danışmanlar: PROF.DR. RAMAZAN EVREN
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Endüstri ve Endüstri Mühendisliği, Industrial and Industrial Engineering
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1996
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 130
Özet
ÖZET En özlü ve kabullenilmiş ifadesiyle“istenilen özelliklere uygunluk”olarak tanımlanan kalite konusunda özellikle son 40 yıl içerisinde büyük ilerlemeler kaydedilmiştir. Nihai ürünler üzerinde yapılan“rutin muayeneler”olarak tanımlanan kalite kontrol kavramı'da kalitenin“üretim süreci içerisinde yaratılabileceği”ortaya çıkınca kontrol'den yönetime doğru bir süreç başlamıştır. Yeni şekli ile kalite kontrolü üretim sistemlerinin entegre bir parçası olarak“ kalitesiz üretimi önlemek”görevini yerine getirmektedir. Günümüz koşullarında endüstüriyel kuruluşlar bir daha geri alamayacakları bir gidere yol açması bakımından“kusurlu ürün imali”ne uzun süre dayanamazlar. Bu nedenle kalitesiz üretimi önlemek üzere yapılan çalışmalar günümüzde büyük önem kazanmaktadır. Bütün yönetim tanımlarının, istisnasız hepsinde“belirlenmiş amaçlar”ibaresi yer alır. Günümüzün çağdaş yönetim anlayışında, amaçların tümünde“Kalite”,“Kalitenin sağlanması”büyük önem taşımaktadır. İşte çağdaş bir yönetim anlayışı olan Toplam Kalite Yönetimin'de hem süreç, hem de beşeri unsurların temel misyonu değişimi yönetebilmek ve“kalite”ye ulaşmaktır. Diğer bir ifade ile“müşteri tarafından tanımlanan ve müşteri beklentilerini herşeyin üstünde tutan kalite anlayışını tüm faaliyetlerin yürütülmesi sırasında ürün ve hizmet bünyesinde oluşturulan bir”yönetim biçimi" olarak tanımlanan Toplam Kalite Yönetimi Dinamik pazarlarda yıkıcı rekabetin karşısında ayakta kalabilmenin tek yolu olarak görülmektedir.
Özet (Çeviri)
SUMMARY ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF QUALITY No doubt these are always certain aims for all the definitions of managment. Today's modern managerial system mainly all the aims have fixed to the quality and to the ways of having it. Total Quality Management with the definition of modern managment system focused to the managment of changing which is the basic mission of social elements is to get the best quality. The managment of total quality consists; a-The customers expections are the most important priority. b-Quality fixing by customers. c-During all the facilities. d-Is a management style in the frame of product and servis. In the dynamic markets the way of survirery against destructive rivalry is having Total Quality Management system as a mangment style. In this work we are going to focusing to the“quality”and“the economic dimention of quality”. These two pains are so important for today's industry and business world. While Turkey just entering the custom unions there are some negative points for Turkish companies. Because now they have to stand their own without protection and custom taxes. Thicklessness of rivalry and based of this the low level at exportation are the most important problems for our companys in the out -side hardwork world. Actually since today these problems are the main reasons for economic recession in Turkish economy. To producing and the selling of these products you have integrate (adapte) to the rules of internationals rival conditions. There are some points which the companies should consider to survive. 1. Quality 2.Price 3. Customers requires to be able to produce the products which the customers requires, variety of products flexibility. 4. Quick reaction against customers requires. As a managment style in the frame of product and service TQM during all the facilities and process.TQM stands on a-The customers expectations are the number one priority b-Quality fixing by customers.The fundamentals frame work of this this study is designated as the explanation of there four factors stated above. In the second section it is explained that the description of the quality and the fundamentals which establish the Quality. Inspite of the fact that there are many different descriptions of the Quality there is a basic description commanly accepted:“The quality is the conformity with wanted specialities ”“ The wanted specialities ”are related with the design quality.The confirmity betwwen product suplied to the customer and designated design,is“ the quality of confirmity”. The quality of confirmity can be masured scientifically (numerical valves) and the studies of quality are primarily based on the quality of confirmity. In the last 40 years, many changes and developments accured. These made the quality control concept out of the“routine inspections ”on the final product.And this concept made the quality as an accessory sticked to the product in the end of manu facturing process.Nowadays,the industral firms can not live too long,if they manufacture defective products wich makes huge amounts of losses.Before,the quality is seen as an addition to the products and the increasing the quality is an extra cost in production. İn last years, after understanding of the quality can be established in the manufacturing process,the thoughts related with quality control is an integrated part of manufacturing system and it plays a role to case the unqualified manufacturinginb section two,the quality system is explanied,first the description of the quality costs and then the classifcation of them. The goal of quality cost system is to facilitate quality improvement efforts that lead to operating cost reduction opportunuties.The starategy for using quality costs is quite simple: 1-Take direct attact on failure costs to try to drive them to costs is quite simple, 2-Invest in the right prevention activities to brimg about improvoment. 3-Reduce apprasial costs according to result achieved. 4-Continuously evalute and redirect prevention effort to gain further improvement. This strategy is based on the premise that: -for each failure there is a root couse -causes are preventable -prevention is a always cheaper Quality costs analyses basically are made compare the quality costs in sequential times and to reach national decision.For this reason,there are same criteria to compare and how are the studies of analyses made with these criteria ?ln this study there are two major analyzing technique; XI1. Trend analyses 2.Pereto analyses İn the end of this section there is an example and a deduction in the fifth section, Costs-Time profiles which are developed firstly in Westhinghouse as a quality metries.With Costs -Time profiles we can examine the effects of the“Quality”and“Speed”through the strategic decisious of the business world.This method is commanly used in the other firms because it is easily applicable,expilicit and projections are made in other sectors.it is developed an efficient way in“Durable Quality Development”with using Costs- Time profiles carrefully. The basic criteria in buying a product are price and quality.As the way of living in our country changes, our consumers are awane the importance of quality with the price together.İn this direction,the firms which manufacture and supply these to the customers,try to get more qualified products with lower costs. The basic of this study are to mesaure quality,to exchange monetary values,to analyze these values in“ costs analysis system ”to develop quality and manufacture process. These studies are examined in section 5,the optimization of quality costs. The fundamental duty of a quality manager is the optimization of quality costs.The quality costs which are affected by internal, external reasons,has many factors(Prevention, Apprasialjnternal Failure,External Failure). The levels of these factors effect each other.For this reason it is very hard to optimization of total quality managment.İn section 6,for every costs category,it is explained the reduction of costs and applied methods. Prevention works are generaly two types: 1.The works related with personnel in firms 2. İn the begining of manufacturing process,to find potential problems with formal technigues and to case these. In some cases,half of the quality costs are Apprasial costs. Althought rehabilitation programs are primarily jntensified on Failure costs,we don't have to forget Apprasial costs. Quality costs are incurred either poor quality may exist or because poor quality does exist. Quality costs must be categoried if they are to be managed. The three major categories used are prevention costs, defined as fallows: - Prevention Costs are those costs expended in an effort to prevent discrepancies, such as the costs of quality planning,process control, auditing the effectiveness of the quality system, design review, quality circles, supplier quality surveys and training programs. - Apprasial Costs are those cost expended in the evaluation of product quality and in the detection of discrepancies, such as the cost of test and inspection of incoming materials, final product inspection and testing, inprocess inspection, calibration control. xn-Failure Costs are those costs expended as a result of discrepancies and divided into two types: Internal Failure Costs are cost resulting from discrepancies found prior to delivery of product to the consumer, such as the s of rework, scrap, material review, retest and reinspection of reworked product.External Failure Costs are costs are resulting from discrepancies found after delivery of the product to consumer, such as the costs associated with the processing of costumer, complaints, customer returns, field services and warranties. Total Quuality Cost is the sum of these costs, i.e., prevention, apprasial and failure. It represents the difference between the actual cost of a product, and what the reduced cost would be if there were no possibility of failure of product nor defects in its manifacture. In last two decades, according to the commercial developments Japan firms have high performances.The reason of this succes is the using“Total Quality Managment ”.Today,in USA and Europa there are thousands of firms which try to learn and use“T.Q.M”.İn section seven,The developments in West and Japan are shortly explanined and then the principles and factors of“T.Q.M”model are given. The Globalization and its natural results“harsh competitors on their markets.Easiness left its seat to struggle. Some firms last their shares in markets,so they are down sized or disappeared,and the others tried to get new shares in other markets.On this new medium, as we examine the succesfull firms, we understand that they have ”T.Q.M philosophy and use this approach carefullly.İn section eight if is examined how the total quality make them succesfull in this competition world? İn Turkey,the most important problem of the commercial sectors is the weakness in foreign markets insufficiency of exporting volume.This problem is also the basic reason of problems in Turkish economy.Especially in the years 1990-1993, the emerging uncontrolled liberalization made an artificial welfare,no precautions were held to begining of crises. The firms which has no“Quality Program”were unprepared in these crises.Final product stocks were increased. We have to get an ability of competetion to manufacture and sell our products in international markets, the emerging of factors like“Quality -Price-Product Diversity- Speed”depend on the Total Quality Managment. İn section 9,the relations between the TQM and the competition power. İn a country as developments in administration and industry happens, Quality managment has a complex body. İn economical and indistrial developments,the durability is a dominant factor in qualified manufacture.Quality system is not a simple process,it is anintegrated body which can be easily affected by the economic and industrial level of the country.İn developing countries,even the managers perceived the Total Quality Philosophy,they meet hardships in using this according to tecnical Xllland managerial perspectives.İn section 10 these problems and their reasons were examined. İn section 10 it is showed that the opportunities of Turkey will have many gains after overcoming.Its problems.İn overcoming these problems,we have to be carefull about fullfilling the requirements. As we increase quality, costs will decrease and the Total Quality Managment is the most effective method of this development.The Total Quality Managment is the most important oppotunity if it is well planned and directed to the right targets. XIV
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